{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:07:43Z","timestamp":1791000463620,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a group of technologies that enable people to perform a variety of activities, including observing, comprehending, analysing and translating data, among other things. Nowadays, practically every school of thought is interested in AI. One such innovation, a chatbot by the name of ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer), launched by OpenAI recently, has taken the internet by storm. It had one million users within 1 week of its launch. The present communication explores the practicability and versatility of the ChatGPT in forensic examinations and scenarios, and also addresses the ethical and legal issues surrounding its usage. The observations suggest that the said technology, in its current form, has limited relevance in the realm of forensic science and the law. Only human critical thinking, expertise, and practical experience can provide the information and competencies needed in the realms of forensics, research, clinical and legal practices. Thus, the ChatGPT should be used with utmost caution in the disciplines of medicine, forensic science and the law, irrespective of its many positive attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024231191829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T01:46:49Z","timestamp":1690940809000},"page":"150-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["ChatGPT: Forensic, legal, and ethical issues"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Ankita","family":"Guleria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kewal","family":"Krishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanuj","family":"Kanchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00258024231191829","unstructured":"OpenAI. https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/chat. (2023, accessed 15 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr2-00258024231191829","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5461-1"},{"key":"bibr3-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Europol. The criminal use of ChatGPT \u2013 a cautionary tale about large language models, https:\/\/www.europol.europa.eu\/about-europol (2023, accessed 2 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr4-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Pandey D. ChatGPT\u2019s powerful language model poses a threat to cybersecurity: Report.\n                      India Today\n                      , 29 March 2023, https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/news-analysis\/story\/chatgpt-powerful-language-model-poses-a-threat-to-cybersecurity-report-2352951-2023-03-29 (accessed 31 March 2023)."},{"key":"bibr5-00258024231191829","unstructured":"TNN. How ChatGPT keeps improving but is still far from perfect.\n                      The Times of India\n                      , http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/articleshow\/99004320.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst (2023, accessed 31 March 2023)."},{"key":"bibr6-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Spadafora A. Fake ChatGPT apps are spreading malware that can steal your money and passwords.\n                      Tom\u2019s Guide\n                      , 24 February 2023, https:\/\/www.tomsguide.com\/news\/chatgpt-is-now-being-used-by-hackers-to-spread-dangerous-malware-dont-fall-for-this. (accessed 25 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr7-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Abrams L. OpenAI: ChatGPT payment data leak caused by open-source bug.\n                      Bleeping Computer\n                      , 24 March 2023, https:\/\/www.bleepingcomputer.com\/news\/security\/openai-chatgpt-payment-data-leak-caused-by-open-source-bug\/."},{"key":"bibr8-00258024231191829","unstructured":"McCallum S. ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns.\n                      BBC News\n                      , 1 April 2023, https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-65139406."},{"key":"bibr9-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Ana R. Do you think Digital Forensics is important?\n                      TCS Forensics Limited\n                      , https:\/\/www.tcsforensics.com\/blogs\/chatgpts-take-on-digital-forensics (2023, accessed 15 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr10-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Fr\u0105ckiewicz M. ChatGPT-4 for Digital Forensics: AI-powered cybercrime investigation and evidence analysis.\n                      TS2 Space\n                      , https:\/\/ts2.space\/en\/chatgpt-4-for-digital-forensics-ai-powered-cybercrime-investigation-and-evidence-analysis\/ (2023, accessed 15 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr11-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Armstrong K. ChatGPT: US lawyer admits using AI for case research.\n                      BBC News\n                      , https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-65735769 (2023, accessed 30 May 2023)."},{"key":"bibr12-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Sharma D. ChatGPT falsely accuses US law professor of sexually harassing a student, invents a news article.\n                      India Today\n                      , https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/technology\/news\/story\/chatgpt-falsely-accuses-us-law-professor-of-sexually-harassing-a-student-2357597-2023-04-09 (2023, accessed 30 May 2023)."},{"key":"bibr13-00258024231191829","unstructured":"Duggal P.\n                      ChatGPT and legalities\n                      , https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/CHATGPT-LEGALITIES-DR-PAVAN-DUGGAL-ebook\/dp\/B0BWSCY3TH\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1V7BTMQVDQ2NN&keywords=chatgpt+pavan+duggal&qid=1681365908&sprefix=chatgpt+pavan+dugga%2Caps%2C446&sr=8-1 (2023, accessed 22 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr14-00258024231191829","unstructured":"INTERPOL. https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/en (2023, accessed 26 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr15-00258024231191829","unstructured":"British Academy of Forensic Sciences (BAFS). https:\/\/www.bafs.org.uk\/. (2023, accessed 26 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr16-00258024231191829","unstructured":"American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS). https:\/\/www.aafs.org\/. (2023, accessed 26 April 2023)."}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024231191829","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258024231191829","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024231191829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:38:29Z","timestamp":1777624709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258024231191829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258024231191829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024231191829","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}}}