{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:23:40Z","timestamp":1788225820985,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Xylazine, a non-opioid veterinary anaesthetic tranquillizer that is not licensed for human use, has been linked to an increase in overdose fatalities worldwide. The study delves into the forensic aspects of xylazine usage, emphasizing on chemical, clinical and toxicological analyses of drug seizures, bodily fluids and tissues. It advocates for validated analytical methods for determining xylazine. This study provides supporting material to pave the path for the usage and development of relevant and verified alternative screening and confirmation methods for laboratories. Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed were searched for relevant articles and case reports in relation to xylazine misuse and established analytical methods for forensic investigation until April 2023. A total of 79 articles were evaluated, and 40 publications met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent xylazine exposures recorded were incidental and intentional misuse\/abuse. Common symptoms upon presentation were hypotension, bradycardia, drowsiness and lethargy, although mortality was less prevalent. Solid-phase extraction and liquid\u2013liquid extraction are two extensively used sample preparation techniques. These techniques are used to extract desired analytes from complex matrices. Several analytical techniques have been stated, including GC\u2013MS, LC\u2013MS\/MS, HPLC\u2013DAD and others. The analytical procedures used are determined by the matrices involved, the amount of xylazine present, interfering compounds, the degree of precision required and the laboratory infrastructure. In the present context, the LC\u2013MS\/MS methods are preferred as the gold standard. In the near future, many analytical techniques such as capillary electrophoresis, PSI-MS, immuno-analytical techniques and SERRS may show significant potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024241275899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T05:29:31Z","timestamp":1724390971000},"page":"128-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analytical methods for the determination of xylazine in pharmaceutical, clinical and forensic matrices \u2013 A review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemi","family":"Gayakwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulsidas R","family":"Baggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Ramanthapur, Hyderabad, India"},{"name":"University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2023. 2023. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/world-drug-report-2023.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Elena C. Tech officer spiked poly lecturer\u2019s water with \u201clove potion\u201d. 2016. https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/courts-crime\/tech-officer-spiked-poly-lecturers-water-with-love-potionTheStraitsTimes (accessed February 28 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1475"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"\u201cTranq dope\u201d in infancy: a 19-day-old with life-threatening poisoning due to fentanyl\/xylazine","volume":"60","author":"Miller Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller Z, Gill E, Kelly G, et al. \u201cTranq dope\u201d in infancy: a 19-day-old with life-threatening poisoning due to fentanyl\/xylazine. Clin Toxicol 2022; 60(Suppl 2): 112.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Accidental self-injection of xylazine during work: a rare case","volume":"12","author":"Ganapathy GK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ganapathy GK, Dharmalingam TK, Sathival MM. Accidental self-injection of xylazine during work: a rare case. Borneo J Med Sci 2018; 12: 47.","journal-title":"Borneo J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2159427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7419-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05566-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.113958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"774","article-title":"Determination of residual xylazine by gas chromatography in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation","volume":"26","author":"Sadiq NS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadiq NS, Teoh WK, Saisahas K, et al. Determination of residual xylazine by gas chromatography in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation. Malays J Anal Sci 2022; 26: 774\u2013787.","journal-title":"Malays J Anal Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.18P368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2022.2067231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CXA.0000000000000089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"280","article-title":"Identification of the metabolites of xylazine in human urine by liquid chromatography-quadrupde\/orbitrap mass spectrometry","volume":"40","author":"Jing-jing CU","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing-jing CU, Ying-ying SU, Bao-hua SH, et al. Identification of the metabolites of xylazine in human urine by liquid chromatography-quadrupde\/orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chin Mass Spectrom Soc 2019; 40: 280.","journal-title":"J Chin Mass Spectrom Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"47289","article-title":"Detection and identification of xylazine in blood sample of cattle during their illegal trafficking","volume":"9","author":"Prabhavale SS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prabhavale SS, Kudale AS, Date SS, et al. Detection and identification of xylazine in blood sample of cattle during their illegal trafficking. Int J Curr Res 2017; 9: 47289\u201347292.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res"}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024241275899","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258024241275899","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024241275899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:39:24Z","timestamp":1777624764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258024241275899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258024241275899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024241275899","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]}}}