{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:58:04Z","timestamp":1791871084104,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]],"date-time":"1993-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":741484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over a period from 1983 to 1991, of a total of 19,000 post-mortems, 33 were found to have at least one aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene or xylenes) in the blood. Of the 33 deceased, 22 had a history of toluene or petrol abuse while most of the remaining 11 were suspected to be glue sniffers through evidence found at the scene. This number, which represented 0.17 per cent of all the unnatural deaths, is considered small for a nation having a glue sniffing epidemic. The low death rate, as compared to 2.1 per cent through drug and chemical poisoning during the same period, is attributed to the timely intervention by the Government who outlawed glue sniffing and the effectiveness of compulsory rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The male gender predominates (81.8 per cent) among the 33 deceased with a mean age of 20.1 years (range 15 to 33). The mean age for the female gender is 17.7 years (range 16 to 20). The blood toluene levels were found to be in the range 0.2 to 92\u03bcg per ml blood. The causes of death are: 63.6 per cent due to falling or suicide by jumping; 18.2 per cent drowning; 6.1 per cent hanging; 6.1 per cent homicide; and 6.1 per cent acute toluene poisoning. The high proportion of traumatic deaths are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Headspace gas chromatography with a suitable GC column was used for the analysis. Calibration blood standards were prepared in situ or in bulk stabilized by 10 per cent (v\/v) methanol to overcome the hydrophobic and volatile nature of the aromatic hydrocarbons. Both methods of calibration gave analogous calibration factors, (slope for toluene: 0.092 to 0.095; slope for m-xylene: 0.070 to 0.071; and slope for o-xylene: 0.064 to 0.065), correlation coefficients of 0.9997 or better and standard deviation of 3.1 per cent or less. The consequences of different ways of blood standards preparations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249303300312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]],"date-time":"2017-01-21T05:28:58Z","timestamp":1484976538000},"page":"253-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Glue Sniffing Deaths in Singapore \u2014 Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tzee Cheng","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny S T","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T C","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T H","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Y","family":"Koh-Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Zubaidah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, Outram Road, Singapore 0316"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-002580249303300312","first-page":"255","volume":"41","author":"Amemo K.","year":"1989","journal-title":"For. Sci. Inter."},{"key":"bibr2-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6560.1472-a"},{"key":"bibr3-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718200100303"},{"key":"bibr4-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson H. R., MacNair R. S., Ramsey J. D. (1985) Deaths from abuse of volatile substances: a national epidemiological study. BMJ 290, 304\u20137.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6464.304"},{"key":"bibr5-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/2.6.262"},{"key":"bibr6-002580249303300312","first-page":"119","volume":"9","author":"Astrand H. E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Work, Environ. Health"},{"key":"bibr7-002580249303300312","unstructured":"Baselt R. C. (1982) Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. Second Edition, Biomedical Publications, California, pp. 743\u20137."},{"key":"bibr8-002580249303300312","first-page":"341","volume":"20","author":"Chao T. C.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sing. Med. J."},{"key":"bibr9-002580249303300312","first-page":"30","volume":"27","author":"Chao T. C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jap. J. Alcohol and Drug Dependence."},{"key":"bibr10-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657008990107"},{"key":"bibr11-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1984.tb03583.x"},{"key":"bibr12-002580249303300312","unstructured":"Ellenhorn M. J., Barceloux D. G. (1988) Medical Toxicology. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., New York, pp. 840\u201344."},{"key":"bibr13-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718200100310"},{"key":"bibr14-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/12.1.20"},{"key":"bibr15-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658108990271"},{"key":"bibr16-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658008989954"},{"key":"bibr17-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/12.3.141"},{"key":"bibr18-002580249303300312","volume-title":"The Intoxicating Substances Act 1987","author":"Government Gazette","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr19-002580249303300312","first-page":"215","volume":"15","author":"Kringsholm B.","year":"1980","journal-title":"For. Sci. Int."},{"key":"bibr20-002580249303300312","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Forensic Toxicology","author":"Lush M.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr21-002580249303300312","first-page":"169","volume":"44","author":"Miyazaki T.","year":"1990","journal-title":"For. Sci. Int."},{"key":"bibr22-002580249303300312","volume-title":"Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs","author":"Moffar A. C.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr23-002580249303300312","first-page":"315","volume":"104","author":"Musclow E. C.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"bibr24-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1265\/jjh.24.454"},{"key":"bibr25-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/3.3.99"},{"key":"bibr26-002580249303300312","volume":"15","author":"Sharp C.","year":"1977","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monograph"},{"key":"bibr27-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580247901900409"},{"key":"bibr28-002580249303300312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718200100307"}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002580249303300312","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002580249303300312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:17:50Z","timestamp":1777623470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002580249303300312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002580249303300312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580249303300312","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}}}