{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:06:25Z","timestamp":1777896385521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High rates of psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, alcoholism, drug-use disorder and antisocial personality disorder in the relatives of opiate-dependent patients compared with normal controls, have been reported in some previous studies. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence rates of drug-use and other psychiatric disorders in the first-degree relatives of opiate-dependent patients and compare these with rates in the first-degree relatives of surgical and psychiatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A case-control study was conducted to compare the prevalence of psychiatric and drug-use disorders (which were estimated by the Family History Method) in 241 biological first-degree relatives of 50 opiate-dependent patients to that in 235 and 222 first-degree relatives of 50 surgical and 50 psychiatric patients respectively. The main outcome measure was the relative risk (expressed as odds ratio) of psychiatric and drug-use disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>First-degree relatives of opiate-dependent patients were found to have significantly higher rates of drug-use and antisocial personality disorders, compared with relatives of surgical and psychiatric probands. The odds ratio for alcoholism appeared significantly higher only in first-degree female relatives of opiate users, suggesting effect modification by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The study provides further evidence for the higher rate of drug-use disorder in the first-degree relatives of opiate-dependent patients. These findings suggest that familial drug-use disorder contributes to a vulnerability to opiate misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Implications of these findings for the classification and treatment of opiate dependence are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249903900306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]],"date-time":"2017-07-15T16:49:58Z","timestamp":1500137398000},"page":"219-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychiatric Disorders in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Opiate Dependence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"A. G.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Psychiatrist, Regional Psychiatric Centre (Prairies) 2520 Central Avenue, Saskatoon S7K 3X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Salib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honorary Senior Lecturer, Liverpool University Consultant Psychiatrist and Clinical Director, Hollins Park Hospital, Warrington, Cheshire WA2 8WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Ruben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Psychiatrist, Drug Dependency Clinic, Liverpool L1 2TQ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800120017004"},{"key":"bibr2-002580249903900306","volume-title":"Studying Drug Abuse","author":"Croughan J.L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr3-002580249903900306","volume-title":"Epi Info, Version 6: a word processing, database and statistics program for epidemiology on microcomputer","author":"Dean A.G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr4-002580249903900306","volume-title":"Family History \u2014 Research Diagnostic Criteria","author":"Endicott J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr5-002580249903900306","unstructured":"EGRET (1993) Reference Manual. Statistical and Epidemiology Corporation. Seattle, pp. 125\u201356."},{"key":"bibr6-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700021644"},{"key":"bibr7-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340028004"},{"key":"bibr8-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1977.tb05790.x"},{"key":"bibr9-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(92)90005-9"},{"key":"bibr10-002580249903900306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(91)90068-N"},{"key":"bibr11-002580249903900306","first-page":"404","volume":"43","author":"Powell B.J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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