{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:07:03Z","timestamp":1777896423073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Leg J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Femicide is defined as the killing of a woman by a man because she is a woman. The incidence of femicide has increased over the past few years and accounted for 30.9% of all homicides in 2011 in Italy. Certain features are usually present including asphyxiation as the mechanism of death, an intimate partner as murderer, and a history of sentimental relationship between the victim and the offender. In this paper, we analyse the Italian experience of femicide comparing it with the international scenario. We present four cases of femicide showing peculiar mechanisms of death resulting from various methods of asphyxiation. In all the cases, there had been a relationship between the victim and the offender. We discuss the mechanism of asphyxiation used to kill the women, emphasizing the necessity of a careful evaluation of all data available to reach the correct conclusion in atypical cases of femicide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817213510250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T10:09:11Z","timestamp":1394532551000},"page":"32-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Femicide in Italy: National scenario and presentation of four cases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Maiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Forensic Medicine, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adamo","family":"Maiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Forensic Medicine, Vallo della Lucania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Bolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0025817213510250","volume-title":"Femicide: the politics of woman killing","author":"Radford J","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr2-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.5.595"},{"key":"bibr3-0025817213510250","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Wilson M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Juristat"},{"key":"bibr4-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.8.1.3"},{"key":"bibr5-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007303505"},{"key":"bibr6-0025817213510250","first-page":"20","volume":"58","author":"Moracco KE","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"bibr7-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483328430.n4"},{"key":"bibr8-0025817213510250","first-page":"13","volume":"4","author":"Baldry AC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia"},{"key":"bibr9-0025817213510250","unstructured":"Il femminicidio in Italia nell\u2019ultimo decennio. Dimensioni, caratteristiche e profili di rischio,http:\/\/www.ansa.it\/web\/notizie\/rubriche\/cronaca\/2012\/12\/21\/donna-terzo-vittime-omicidio_7986228.html(2012, accessed 22 July 2013)"},{"key":"bibr10-0025817213510250","first-page":"73","volume":"4","author":"Russo G","year":"1982","journal-title":"Quad Med Leg"},{"key":"bibr11-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128795041004008"},{"key":"bibr12-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001412"},{"key":"bibr13-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61030-2"},{"key":"bibr14-0025817213510250","volume-title":"Homicide trends in the United States, 1980\u20132008","author":"Cooper A","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr15-0025817213510250","volume-title":"Homicides, firearm offences and intimate violence 2009\/10. Supplementary volume 2 to crime in England and Wales 2009\/10","author":"Smith K","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr16-0025817213510250","volume-title":"L\u2019omicidio volontario in Italia in Rapporto Eures-Ansa 2006","author":"EURES","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr17-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.03.006"},{"key":"bibr18-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767998002003010"},{"key":"bibr19-0025817213510250","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"Paulozzi LJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"bibr20-0025817213510250","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/homicide.html(2013, accessed 24 July 2013)"},{"key":"bibr21-0025817213510250","unstructured":"Centro Reina Sofia Para El Estudio De La Violencia.\n                      Violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja. Estadisticas y legislacin\n                      (2nd International Report, Serie Documentos, Vol. 11). Valencia: Author, 2007"},{"key":"bibr22-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.02.065"},{"key":"bibr23-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003004003005"},{"key":"bibr24-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.4.546"},{"key":"bibr25-0025817213510250","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.interno.gov.it\/mininterno\/export\/sites\/default\/it\/assets\/files\/14\/0900_rapporto_criminalita.pdf(2007, accessed 18 July 2013)"},{"key":"bibr26-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03739-9_10"},{"key":"bibr27-0025817213510250","unstructured":"Istanbul Convention (2012). Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence,http:\/\/www.conventions.coe.int\/Treaty\/EN\/treaties\/html\/210.htm(2011, accessed July 23 2013)"},{"key":"bibr28-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1089"},{"key":"bibr29-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767902239243"},{"key":"bibr30-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511500015.009"},{"key":"bibr31-0025817213510250","first-page":"27","author":"Umani Ronchi G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Giuffr\u00e8 Editore"},{"key":"bibr32-0025817213510250","first-page":"607","volume-title":"Spitz and Fisher\u2019s medicolegal investigation of death \u2013 Chapter XII: injury by gunfire","author":"Spitz W","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr33-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-363"},{"key":"bibr34-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2004.05.001"},{"key":"bibr35-0025817213510250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.02.032"}],"container-title":["Medico-Legal Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0025817213510250","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0025817213510250","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0025817213510250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:23:06Z","timestamp":1777623786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0025817213510250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0025817213510250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0025817213510250","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8172","2042-1834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}}}