{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:40:39Z","timestamp":1788410439699,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Leg J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We analysed the recorded cases of suicides committed other than by hanging in prison in Milan. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25,512 autopsies performed from 1993 to 2019, selecting all the suicides in prison but our attention was focused solely on cases where an alternative mode to hanging was used. From a total of 97 suicide events in prison, 15 were consistent with the established search criteria: 6 victims died from plastic bag suffocation, 4 by direct inhalation of butane gas, 2 associated plastic bag suffocation to inhalation of butane gas, one committed suicide with an edged weapon, one by self-burning and, finally, one by voluntary ingestion of a food to which he was allergic, with the intent of inducing an anaphylactic shock. Our analysis has shown that the landscape of prison suicides is diverse, not limited solely to hanging. Therefore, it is necessary for the forensic scientific community to raise awareness of potentially unusual suicide methods in prisons and, in the same way, for the Penitentiary Administration to put adequate preventive measures and strategies in place.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817220986714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T02:27:12Z","timestamp":1615429632000},"page":"117-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Uncommon suicide methods in the detention regime in Milan (1993\u20132019): Forensic contribution on autopsy cases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Guendalina","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Tambuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Boracchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico Di","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30430-3"},{"key":"bibr2-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Vigan\u00f2 F. Sentenza pilota della Corte E.D.U. sul sovraffollamento delle carceri italiane: il nostro Paese chiamato all\u2019adozione di rimedi strutturali entro il termine di un anno, www.penalecontemporaneo.it\/d\/1990sentenza-pilota-della-corte-edu-sul-sovraffollamento-delle-carceri-italiane-il-nostro-paese-chiamat (2013, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr3-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Scandurra A. Il ritorno del sovraffollamento, Rapporto Associazione Antigone, www.antigone.it\/tredicesimo-rapporto-sulle-condizioni-di-detenzione\/01-numeri-del-carcere\/ (2017, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr4-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Eventi Critici negli Istituti Penitenziari. Serie storica degli anni: 1993-2017, www.giustizia.it\/giustizia\/it\/mg_1_14_1.page;jsessionid=BLqS4lk45KrFvsJohBRaCgdv?facetNode_1=1_5_18&facetNode_2=0_2&facetNode_3=1_5_0&contentId=SST788178&previsiousPage=mg_1_14 (2017, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr5-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Carta Costituzionale Italiana, www.cortecostituzionale.it\/documenti\/download\/pdf\/Costituzione_della_Repubblica_italiana.pdf (1947, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr6-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Convenzione Europea dei Diritti dell\u2019Uomo, www.echr.coe.int\/Documents\/Convention_ITA.pdf (1955, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr7-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Convenzione contro la tortura e le altre pene o trattamenti crudeli, disumani e degradanti, www.unhcr.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Convenzione_contro_la_Tortura.pdf (1984, accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr8-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000183"},{"key":"bibr9-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2016.011"},{"key":"bibr10-0025817220986714","unstructured":"National Bioethics Committee, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy, 25 June 2010. Suicides in prison. Bioethical indications, 2010."},{"key":"bibr11-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2015.044"},{"key":"bibr12-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.051"},{"key":"bibr13-0025817220986714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.028"},{"key":"bibr14-0025817220986714","unstructured":"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (DPR). Regolamento recante norme sull'ordinamento penitenziario e sulle misure privative e limitative della libert\u00e0. 30 giugno 2000, n. 230."}],"container-title":["Medico-Legal Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0025817220986714","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0025817220986714","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0025817220986714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:27:10Z","timestamp":1777624030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0025817220986714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0025817220986714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0025817220986714","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8172","2042-1834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]}}}