{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1790082571955,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Leg J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injuries are consistently difficult to objectively measure. This creates significant challenges for medical and legal practitioners who each apply the Glasgow Coma Scale-based traumatic brain injury severity classifications of \u201cmild\u201d, \u201cmoderate\u201d and \u201csevere\u201d. It can be difficult to medically define an often-subjective traumatic brain injury, where the law requires objective evidence of injuries. This descriptive review aims to elucidate the intended purpose of the Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injury assessment by doctors and attorneys. We highlight two different Glasgow Coma Scale uses, demonstrating a disconnect between the clinical traumatic brain injury adjectival classifications used in medicine and law. The Glasgow Coma Scale-based adjectival traumatic brain injury classifications create a diagnostic label which can affect a patient long after their initial medical assessment, representing a de facto diagnosis to the legal profession which may affect a patient\u2019s potential legal financial recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172231161975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T03:14:28Z","timestamp":1681701268000},"page":"175-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Glasgow Coma Scale: A disconnect between medical documentation and traumatic brain injury litigation in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Nicole A","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent scholar, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent scholar, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross P","family":"Berkeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70120-6"},{"key":"bibr2-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr3-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"bibr4-00258172231161975","unstructured":"Reid L, Fingar K. Inpatient stays and Emergency Department visits involving traumatic brain injury, 2017. HCUP Statistical Brief #255, www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/reports\/statbriefs\/sb255-Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Hospitalizations-ED-Visits-2017.pdf (2020, accessed 13 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr5-00258172231161975","author":"Liberty Mutual Insurance","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk & Insurance"},{"key":"bibr6-00258172231161975","unstructured":"McQuade JS.\n                      Medical information system for lawyers\n                      . Thomson Reuters, 2018."},{"key":"bibr7-00258172231161975","unstructured":"EMS-1. Remember 2 things: Calculating the Glasgow Coma Score. EMS1 \u2013 Lexipol, https:\/\/www.ems1.com\/ems-products\/education\/videos\/remember-2-things-calculating-the-glasgow-coma-score-Pg818HIfhN18mJXi\/ (2012, accessed 3 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr8-00258172231161975","unstructured":"Teasdale G, Jennett B, Brennan P, et\u00a0al. The Glasgow structured approach to assessment of the Glasgow Coma Scale \u2013 frequently asked questions. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, https:\/\/www.glasgowcomascale.org\/faq\/ (2019, accessed 4 March 2023)."},{"key":"bibr9-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.13"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-00258172231161975","first-page":"1","volume":"61","author":"Sasser SM","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr11-00258172231161975","unstructured":"Fraley M. GCS-40: The Glasgow Coma Scale turns 40 and gets a facelift. EMS1 \u2013 Lexipol, https:\/\/www.ems1.com\/trauma\/articles\/gcs-40-the-glasgow-coma-scale-turns-40-and-gets-a-facelift-PpG0q3ZYnL29jqqD\/ (2019, accessed 20 October 2019)."},{"key":"bibr12-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.945959"},{"key":"bibr13-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.051"},{"key":"bibr14-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000286"},{"key":"bibr15-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.04.061"},{"key":"bibr16-00258172231161975","first-page":"158379","author":"Arnold MR","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bibr17-00258172231161975","unstructured":"Stern B, Brown J. Myths of TBI. In:\n                      Litigating brain injuries\n                      . AAJ Press\/Thomson Reuters, 2019."},{"key":"bibr18-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1781"},{"key":"bibr19-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.002"},{"key":"bibr20-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2019.1585518"},{"key":"bibr21-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.06.036"},{"key":"bibr22-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw178"},{"key":"bibr23-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4124-3"},{"key":"bibr24-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X14001289"},{"key":"bibr25-00258172231161975","first-page":"1","author":"Lange RT","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"bibr26-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy199"},{"key":"bibr27-00258172231161975","unstructured":"Garner BA (ed.).\n                      Black's Law Dictionary\n                      . 10th ed. Thomson West, 2014, p.2052."},{"key":"bibr28-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00320"},{"key":"bibr29-00258172231161975","author":"Zalesky CC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bibr30-00258172231161975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.07.038"}],"container-title":["Medico-Legal Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172231161975","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258172231161975","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172231161975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:28:42Z","timestamp":1777624122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258172231161975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258172231161975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258172231161975","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8172","2042-1834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]}}}