{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:08:24Z","timestamp":1777896504678,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Leg J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Self-inflicting injury is a recognised psychiatric disorder. Such cases are regularly seen in the emergency department, with a false history of assault. Most of these are easily detected by a forensic medicine expert as they present as described in literature but are difficult to explain if altered by professionals for nefarious reasons.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n This was a prospective study carried out at a tertiary centre. The data was collected and analysed from the office records of medico-legal reports prepared at our institute between 25 February 2022 and 25 February 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n 21 cases were recorded, that met with our criteria. Most involved males (90.5%). Minimum age was 27 years and maximum age 66 years with a mean of 48.6 years and a standard deviation of \u00b111 years. Most offenders were unemployed (38.1%). Most fractured bone was tibia (47.6%). Left-sided fractures were more common (61.9%). Injuries corresponded with the findings on clothes in three cases (14.3%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Fabricated wounds will reflect the intentions of the fabricator and may range from superficial wounds to grievous injury. Only a critical analysis of all medico-legal cases will identify them, and they will have similarities of presentation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Such findings have rarely been reported in other parts of India. A diligently prepared medico-legal report and profiling of all cases can help establish patterns of such injuries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172231178424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T19:37:55Z","timestamp":1696621075000},"page":"28-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Forensic analysis of fabricated long bone fractures for gain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Ravdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GGS Medical College & Hospital, Faridkot, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGS Medical College & Hospital, Faridkot, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvinder S","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Hospital, Fatehgarh Sahib, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGS Medical College & Hospital, Faridkot, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Pramod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGS Medical College & Hospital, Faridkot, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-015-0062-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Garg B. Fabricating injuries to frame rivals probe exposes racket. Tribuneindia News Service https:\/\/www.tribuneindia.com\/news\/archive\/punjab\/fabricating-injuries-to-frame-rivals-probe-exposes-racket-833027 (2023 accessed 28 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"4 \u201cfabricate\u201d injuries to frame innocents in false cases held. Tribuneindia News Service https:\/\/www.tribuneindia.com\/news\/punjab\/4-fabricate-injuries-to-frame-innocents-in-false-cases-held-307593 (2023 accessed 28 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Jagga R. No firing in Ferozepur clash bullet injury fabricated reveals SIT report. The Indian Express https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/india-others\/no-firing-in-ferozepur-clash-bullet-injury-fabricated-reveals-sit-report\/ (2014 accessed 28 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Ferozepur doctor booked in four cases. Tribuneindia News Service https:\/\/www.tribuneindia.com\/news\/archive\/features\/ferozepur-doctor-booked-in-four-cases-26300 (2023 accessed 28 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Reddy NK Murty OP. Mechanical injuries. In: The essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology. 34th ed. India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers 2014. p.179."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817220935909"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02044357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0971097320060109","article-title":"Profile and pattern of fabricated injuries by mechanical violence in GGS medical college, Faridkot Punjab","volume":"28","author":"Bhullar DS.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhullar DS. Profile and pattern of fabricated injuries by mechanical violence in GGS medical college, Faridkot Punjab. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2006; 28: 31\u201334.","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Incidence and pattern of fabricated injuries","volume":"7","author":"Gorea R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gorea R, Gargi J, Aggarwal A. Incidence and pattern of fabricated injuries. J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2007; 7: 54\u201358.","journal-title":"J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-1604045565","article-title":"A study to determine various parameters of an alleged fabricated injury","volume":"16","author":"Kumar K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar K, Kaul M, Mittal DRet\u00a0al. A study to determine various parameters of an alleged fabricated injury. IOSR J Dent Med Sci 2017; 16: 55\u201365.","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Medico-Legal Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172231178424","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258172231178424","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172231178424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:28:49Z","timestamp":1777624129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258172231178424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258172231178424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258172231178424","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8172","2042-1834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]}}}