{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:55:16Z","timestamp":1791442516083,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Leg J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nepal\u2019s government banned social media in early September 2025 as it was exposing nepotism and the excessive and luxurious lifestyles of families of influential political leaders. The ban enraged Nepali youth particularly those aged 14\u201329 known as Generation Z (Gen Z) who accordingly gathered to protest peacefully and lawfully as allowed by Article 17, Nepal Constitution 2015. However, the police opened fire on them using live ammunition causing 77 deaths. We present a case of a 22-year-old man who had been protesting and died from gunshot injuries inflicted by the police during these demonstrations against a social media ban. The wound trajectory was inconsistent with Nepal\u2019s legal requirement to aim below the knee. Indeed, the upward posterior-to-anterior trajectory of this lethal injury suggests the victim was retreating, rather than posing a threat to his attacker and points towards human rights violation during the protest in Nepal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172261445839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:38:34Z","timestamp":1783751914000},"page":"204-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fatal firearm injury during peaceful assembly: A forensic case report with human rights implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Samjhana","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok","family":"Atreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salmalee","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inesh","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Shrestha S Kharel D. Shot in school uniform: BBC reveals police order led to Gen Z protest killings. BBC News https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c4g5qx357dzo (2026 accessed 2 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Ghimire B. Oli denies ordering police to fire on Gen Z protesters. Kathmandu Post https:\/\/kathmandupost.com\/national\/2026\/01\/05\/oli-denies-ordering-police-to-fire-on-gen-z-protesters (2026 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Amnesty International. Global: dozens killed and thousands maimed by police misuse of rubber bullets https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/03\/global-dozens-killed-and-thousands-maimed-by-police-misuse-of-rubber-bullets\/ (2023 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2026.100277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Use of force: guidelines for implementation of the UN basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amnesty International (ed.). Use of force: guidelines for implementation of the UN basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials. Amsterdam: Amnesty International, Dutch Section, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"NIJ. The use-of-force continuum. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/topics\/articles\/use-force-continuum (2009 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Post Report. Karki commission\u2019s recommendations on the Gen Z protests explained in 10 points. Kathmandu Post https:\/\/kathmandupost.com\/national\/2026\/03\/25\/karki-commission-s-recommendations-on-the-gen-z-protests-explained-in-10-points (2026 accessed 2 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"A penetrating neck injury resulting in the complete transection of the ipsilateral common carotid artery, delayed contralateral pneumothorax, and occult esophageal injury: a case report with a multidisciplinary approach to management","volume":"16","author":"Przeslawski C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Przeslawski C, Knaggs M, Habib PM, et al. A penetrating neck injury resulting in the complete transection of the ipsilateral common carotid artery, delayed contralateral pneumothorax, and occult esophageal injury: a case report with a multidisciplinary approach to management. Cureus 2024; 16: e56988.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54428.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200303000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2020.102025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"Gunshot wounds: practical aspects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques","author":"Di Maio VJM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Di Maio VJM. Gunshot wounds: practical aspects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Gunshot wounds: ballistics, pathology, and treatment recommendations, with a focus on retained bullets","volume":"14","author":"Baum GR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baum GR, Baum JT, Hayward D, et al. Gunshot wounds: ballistics, pathology, and treatment recommendations, with a focus on retained bullets. Orthop Res Rev 2022; 14: 293\u2013317.","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights. Basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials. Human Rights Instrument Adopted by Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. Havana: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/basic-principles-use-force-and-firearms-law-enforcement (1990 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Amnesty International. Use of force: guidelines for implementation of the UN basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials \u2013 short version. Amsterdam: Amnesty International https:\/\/policehumanrightsresources.org\/use-of-force-guidelines-for-implementation-of-the-un-basic-principles-on-the-use-of-force-and-firearms-by-law-enforcement-officials-short-version (2016 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"Human rights handbook on policing assemblies","author":"Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights","year":"2016","unstructured":"Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ed.). Human rights handbook on policing assemblies. Warsaw: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Home Affairs. Weapon (10th amendment) Regulations 2028 BS. Nepal Gazette https:\/\/www.moha.gov.np\/en\/post\/weapon-10th-ammendment-regulations-2028 (2021 accessed 25 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Giri A. First Cabinet meeting clears way to probe Oli Lekhak others. Kathmandu Post https:\/\/kathmandupost.com\/politics\/2026\/03\/28\/first-cabinet-meeting-clears-way-to-probe-oli-lekhak-others (2026 accessed 2 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Post Report. Police arrest former Kathmandu CDO Chhabilal Rijal. Kathmandu Post https:\/\/kathmandupost.com\/national\/2026\/03\/31\/police-arrest-former-kathmandu-cdo-chhabilal-rijal (2026 accessed 2 April 2026)."}],"container-title":["Medico-Legal Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172261445839","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258172261445839","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258172261445839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:43:59Z","timestamp":1791441839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258172261445839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258172261445839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258172261445839","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8172","2042-1834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}