{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:14:20Z","timestamp":1790648060314,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the effect of a motor intervention based on the attention, balance, and coordination (ABC) learning approach on motor proficiency and executive functions in children with learning disabilities (LD). Forty-five male elementary school students with LD aged 7-9 years were recruited and randomly assigned into one of three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. Experimental Group A received only the motor intervention. Experimental Group B simultaneously received both motor intervention and regular educational services. The control group received only regular educational services. The motor intervention involved sequential station exercises based on ABC; this training took place in 24 sessions, scheduled three times a week for eight weeks. We obtained children\u2019s scores on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Tests of Motor Proficiency, N-Back Test, Tower of London, and Continuous Performance Tests at pretest, posttest, and follow-up testing. Our results showed that both experimental groups significantly improved their motor skills and most measures of executive functions, relative to no significant improvement for the control group. The improvements on some measures of executive functions in Experimental Group B were just slightly better than in Experimental Group A. This study supported Blythe\u2019s ABC learning approach emphasizing ABC, and it extended earlier findings of benefits of this approach to populations of children with LD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512519836811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]],"date-time":"2019-03-17T00:36:47Z","timestamp":1552783007000},"page":"477-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effects of a Motor Intervention Program on Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children With Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Toktam","family":"Emami Kashfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Saberi Kakhki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mashhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Jabbari Nooghabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.71.8724"},{"key":"bibr3-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049608406663"},{"key":"bibr4-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2009.05.002"},{"key":"bibr5-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9604.00168"},{"key":"bibr116-0031512519836811","unstructured":"Blythe, S. G. (2009)\n                      Attention, Balance and Coordination: The ABC of Learning Success.\n                      Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"bibr6-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119164746"},{"key":"bibr7-0031512519836811","unstructured":"Bruininks, R. H. (1981). Assessing the motor performance of children: An overview of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency.\n                      Paper presented at the Motor Development Academy at the AAHPERD Convention\n                      . Boston, MA, 13 April 1989."},{"key":"bibr8-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1977.44.3c.1131"},{"key":"bibr9-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.024"},{"key":"bibr10-0031512519836811","volume-title":"Physical activities for improving children\u2019s learning and behavior: A guide to sensory motor development","author":"Cheatum B. 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P.","year":"2008","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr15-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.105.1.207-214"},{"issue":"16","key":"bibr16-0031512519836811","first-page":"388","volume":"4","author":"Hadianfard H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"bibr17-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1987.tb03065.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718209268","volume-title":"Perceptual-motor activities for children: An evidence-based guide to building physical and cognitive skills","author":"Johnstone J. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr20-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.33.3.615"},{"key":"bibr21-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043688"},{"key":"bibr22-0031512519836811","unstructured":"Krog, S. (2010).\n                      Movement programmes as a means to learning readiness\n                      (master\u2019s thesis). University of South Africa, Pretoria."},{"key":"bibr23-0031512519836811","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies","author":"Lerner J. W.","year":"2002","edition":"9"},{"key":"bibr24-0031512519836811","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak M. D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr111-0031512519836811","unstructured":"Lima, R. F., Azoni, C. A. S. & Ciasca, S. M. (2011). Attentional performance and executive functions in children with learning difficulties.\n                      Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica\n                      ,\n                      24\n                      (4), 685\u2013691."},{"key":"bibr25-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2012.05.005"},{"key":"bibr26-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355482"},{"key":"bibr27-0031512519836811","volume-title":"How to detect developmental delay and what to do next: Practical interventions for home and school","author":"Mountstephen M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr28-0031512519836811","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Mrazik M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr29-0031512519836811","first-page":"92","volume":"29","author":"Nonis K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"bibr30-0031512519836811","unstructured":"Reed, K. L. (2003).\n                      Quick reference to occupational therapy\n                      . Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed."},{"key":"bibr31-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.331"},{"key":"bibr32-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/17.3.235"},{"key":"bibr33-0031512519836811","volume-title":"Perceptual-motor development equipment: Inexpensive ideas and activities","author":"Rini L.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr34-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rintala, P. & Palsio, N. (1994). Effects of physical education programs on children with learning disabilities. In K. Yabe., K, Kusano & H, Nakata. (Eds.),\n                      Adapted Physical Activity\n                      (pp. 37\u201340). 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Associations between academic and motor performance in a heterogeneous sample of children with learning disabilities.\n                      Journal of Learning Disabilities\n                      ,\n                      44\n                      (3), 276\u2013282.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410378446"},{"key":"bibr40-0031512519836811","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-third edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr41-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.11.018"},{"key":"bibr42-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.05.032"},{"key":"bibr43-0031512519836811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a532b3"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr44-0031512519836811","first-page":"198","volume":"58","author":"Woodard R. 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