{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:19:01Z","timestamp":1777897141615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we analyzed the effect of mental and muscular fatigue on the accuracy and kinematics of dart throwing. For this purpose, 28 young adults (19 females and 9 males) aged 25\u201335\u00a0years, without any regular experience in dart throwing, participated in this study. We evaluated their dart throwing skills in mental fatigue, muscular fatigue, and non-fatigue conditions. To induce mental fatigue, we used the Stroop task for 70\u00a0minutes and a simulated dart throwing exercise with an elastic band. In all three conditions, we collected accuracy data, based on the score of the dart on the board and the kinematic properties with a motion capture device. For analyzing the data and testing the research hypotheses, we employed ANOVA analyses with repeated measures after examining the normality of data distributions using skewness and kurtosis. We observed a significant decrease in the accuracy of dart throwing following mental fatigue ( p = 0.027) and muscular fatigue ( p = 0.001) compared to non-fatigue and following muscular fatigue compared to mental fatigue ( p = 0.001). In the kinematic results, we observed a significant difference in the mean velocity of the elbow between different experimental conditions ( p = 0.001). This variable decreased due to muscular fatigue, compared to the other two conditions. On the other hand, there was no significant difference among the three experimental conditions for the variables of elbow range of motion, shoulder range of motion, and mean velocity of the shoulder joint. These findings affirm mental and muscular fatigue effects on dart throwing and provide further detail regarding the specific aspects of these effects on dart throwing skills or other fine motor activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125221146613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T06:50:48Z","timestamp":1672987848000},"page":"808-825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Effect of Mental and Muscular Fatigue on the Accuracy and Kinematics of Dart Throwing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najmeh Parhiz","family":"Meymandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Sanjari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Lab., Rehabilitation Research Center, and Department of Basic Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500386050"},{"key":"bibr2-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(91)90021-V"},{"key":"bibr3-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx210"},{"key":"bibr4-00315125221146613","unstructured":"Bernstein N. (1996). Essay 6: On exercises and motor skill. Dexterity and its development (pp. 171\u2013205). Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr5-00315125221146613","first-page":"S34","volume":"4","author":"Blasier R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"},{"key":"bibr6-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.04.011"},{"key":"bibr7-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.007"},{"key":"bibr8-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001"},{"key":"bibr9-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40578"},{"key":"bibr10-00315125221146613","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J. W.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr11-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.02.012"},{"key":"bibr12-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050457"},{"key":"bibr13-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2014.975811"},{"key":"bibr14-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047707"},{"key":"bibr15-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139477"},{"key":"bibr16-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0142"},{"key":"bibr17-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602406S03"},{"key":"bibr18-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725"},{"key":"bibr19-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.11.003"},{"key":"bibr20-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199812000-00008"},{"key":"bibr21-00315125221146613","volume-title":"Biomechanical basis of human movement","author":"Joseph H.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr22-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.10.001"},{"key":"bibr23-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90027-M"},{"key":"bibr24-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1418647"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr25-00315125221146613","first-page":"937","volume":"21","author":"Lidor R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"bibr26-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.05.001"},{"key":"bibr27-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.018"},{"key":"bibr28-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3052-1"},{"key":"bibr29-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.03.062"},{"key":"bibr30-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90013-9"},{"key":"bibr31-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9746\/jcmsi.8.79"},{"key":"bibr32-00315125221146613","volume-title":"Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control","author":"Newell K.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr33-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01378"},{"key":"bibr34-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1185-2"},{"key":"bibr35-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829b504a"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr36-00315125221146613","first-page":"217","volume":"50","author":"Robins R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Human Movement Studies"},{"key":"bibr37-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.066"},{"key":"bibr38-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00755"},{"key":"bibr39-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.12.017"},{"key":"bibr40-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1012578"},{"key":"bibr100-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.1986.10606108"},{"key":"bibr41-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1072-2"},{"key":"bibr42-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2019.1611530"},{"key":"bibr43-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000762"},{"key":"bibr44-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.15.1.71"},{"key":"bibr45-00315125221146613","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Routledge handbook of motor control and motor learning","author":"Taylor J. L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr46-00315125221146613","volume-title":"The urge to stop: The cognitive and biological nature of acute mental fatigue","author":"Van der Linden D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr47-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-005-0228-7"},{"key":"bibr48-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(02)00150-6"},{"key":"bibr49-00315125221146613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1996.23.6.348"}],"container-title":["Perceptual and Motor Skills"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00315125221146613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00315125221146613","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00315125221146613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:48:42Z","timestamp":1777625322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00315125221146613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00315125221146613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00315125221146613","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-688X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}