{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:34:57Z","timestamp":1792787697872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Sport","award":["112DG00117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112DG00117"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mwjpk69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigated physiological responses during professional competitions by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary \u03b1-amylase and cortisol in elite archers. Based on the vagal tank theory, we examined psychophysiological dynamics and assessed differences in HRV and salivary biomarkers between high- and low-scoring matches to evaluate their association with performance. Eight elite archers (four male, four female) participated, with data collected across 184 matches of the Chinese Enterprise Archery League. HRV was recorded pre- and during matches, and salivary \u03b1-amylase and cortisol were measured pre- and post-match. Heart rate significantly increased from 97.0 \u00b1 11.5\u00a0bpm pre-match to 110.7 \u00b1 15.3\u00a0bpm during matches, while RMSSD, an index of cardiac vagal control, remained stable. Heart rate, RMSSD, and high-frequency power were similar between high- and low-scoring matches. Post-match \u03b1-amylase concentrations were lower in high-scoring matches (51.37 \u00b1 49.44\u00a0U\/ml) than in low-scoring matches (71.00 \u00b1 88.13\u00a0U\/ml;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.037), after controlling for pre-match values, whereas cortisol levels remained unchanged. These findings suggest that elite archers engage sympathetic arousal to mobilize cognitive and physiological resources while maintaining vagal regulation to preserve precision and composure. The observed autonomic profile aligns with the vagal tank theory, indicating that self-regulation capacity was maintained during competition. Lower post-match AA levels, an indicator of sympathetic\u2013adrenal\u2013medullary pathway activity, were associated with better performance, suggesting that effective anxiety management may enhance accuracy. Psychological skills training to manage competition-related stress may therefore improve performance in elite archery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125251387910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:59:15Z","timestamp":1760511555000},"page":"1510-1521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological and Psychological Responses in Elite Archers: Heart Rate Variability, Salivary Biomarkers, and Performance Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Shu-Chi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Sport"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Kang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Sport"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.10.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.943065"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.568514"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. 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