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This retrospective longitudinal study examined whether self-regulation-related psychological characteristics predicted firearm skill acquisition during an official Brazilian Federal Police training program. Two hundred five trainees completed a 13-week firearm course with standardized live-fire assessments using the Four-Color Target Test. Impulsivity, perceived stress, and self-control were assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10\/EPS-10), and the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). Adjusted linear regression models tested associations with early shooting performance and final shooting performance, whereas linear mixed-effects models tested whether psychological scores predicted the rate of improvement across repeated assessments. Models adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, hand dominance, and previous firearm-training experience; final-performance models also adjusted for early shooting performance. Shooting performance improved across training, and early standardized shooting performance predicted final attainment. However, BIS-11, PSS-10\/EPS-10, and BSCS scores did not significantly predict early performance, the linear rate of improvement, or final performance after accounting for early shooting ability. BIS-11 subscales and a composite self-regulation index showed the same general pattern. These findings indicate that, in a highly structured and supervised police academy firearm-training context, broad self-regulation-related self-report traits had limited value for predicting firearm skill acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125261490981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:25:23Z","timestamp":1789806323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual Differences in Self-Regulation Do Not Predict Firearm Skill Acquisition During Police Training: A Longitudinal Study of 205 Trainees"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3751-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giordano Marcio Gatinho","family":"Bonuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia"},{"name":"Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco"},{"name":"Federal University of Piau\u00ed"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9912-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athos Asano e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake Carvalho","family":"do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelino Monteiro","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdinar de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Rocha J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Police"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38231-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.3.288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.4.259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson D. 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