{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:30:58Z","timestamp":1789579858626,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite putative gender differences in the expression of narcissism, prominent theories have virtually dismissed the role of females in the development and manifestation of narcissism. The contention that narcissism is a pathology of the self that may partly differ in males and females is further evident in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The DSM-5 reports that up to 75% of those diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are men. Such figures suggest that the representation of narcissism as codified in the DSM-5 may only be marginally applicable to females, given its prominent focus and nature on capturing grandiose themes which closely resemble commonly masculine norms. The overemphasis on grandiose features extends to the empirical literature which defines narcissism as a normative personality trait and is widely assessed using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), on which males obtain significantly higher scores than females. As this review will demonstrate, one limitation frequently occurring in the literature is the attempt to comprehend narcissistic manifestations in females through the lens of what has commonly been defined as narcissism (DSM\/NPI). In this review, the literature concerning the diagnostic assessment and conceptualisation of narcissistic personality disorder, aetiological factors, aggression, and partner violence perpetration will be discussed in relation to the importance of gender. This is followed by a review of existing gaps in theory and research, and suggestions for fruitful directions that can aid a richer and more meaningful literature on narcissism inclusive of gender issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211027322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1624332216000},"page":"2833-2864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Female Narcissism: Assessment, Aetiology, and Behavioural Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ava","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of London, Department of Psychology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Trent University, Centre for Academic Development and Quality, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr524-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2016_30_254"},{"key":"bibr219-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.4.430"},{"key":"bibr310-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.1.12"},{"key":"bibr1-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200110000-00002"},{"key":"bibr211-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.09.042"},{"key":"bibr212-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.08.008"},{"key":"bibr3-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.5.536"},{"key":"bibr213-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00546.x"},{"key":"bibr4-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.08.001"},{"key":"bibr5-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2017.1422458"},{"key":"bibr6-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000371"},{"key":"bibr8-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9584-7"},{"key":"bibr9-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.09.006"},{"key":"bibr10-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.10.012"},{"key":"bibr11-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14060723"},{"key":"bibr1211-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108"},{"key":"bibr12-00332941211027322","volume-title":"The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments","author":"Campbell W. K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr13-00332941211027322","first-page":"76","volume":"60","author":"Capron E. W.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Individual Psychology"},{"key":"bibr15-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1989.64.3.999"},{"key":"bibr16-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.09.040"},{"key":"bibr18-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802388590"},{"key":"bibr19-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.2.322"},{"key":"bibr21-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038966"},{"key":"bibr22-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.3.188.22146"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr312-00332941211027322","first-page":"17","volume":"29","author":"Dimaggio G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatric Times"},{"key":"bibr330-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.06.008"},{"key":"bibr215-00332941211027322","first-page":"260","volume":"19","author":"Ellis H.","year":"1898","journal-title":"Alienist and Neurologist"},{"key":"bibr23-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.742904"},{"key":"bibr24-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000486601"},{"key":"bibr25-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628191.013"},{"key":"bibr26-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Fields S. K. (2012).\n                      Narcissism and intimate partner violence: An establishment of the link and investigation of multiple potential mediators\n                      .\n                      Digital Commons.\n                      East Tennessee State University."},{"key":"bibr313-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1516\/GKU9-ETYE-QE00-YEXY"},{"key":"bibr435-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00026-6"},{"key":"bibr27-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.11.006"},{"key":"bibr28-00332941211027322","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud S.","year":"1914"},{"key":"bibr319-00332941211027322","volume":"3","author":"Girgis A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychology Honors Theses"},{"key":"bibr2988-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.670680"},{"key":"bibr30-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00044.x"},{"key":"bibr325-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000181"},{"key":"bibr97-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019846693"},{"key":"bibr98-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green A., Charles K., MacLean R. (2019). Perceptions of female narcissism in intimate partner violence: A thematic analysis.\n                      Qualitative Methods in Psychology Bulletin\n                      , 28, 13\u201327.","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsqmip.2019.1.28.13"},{"key":"bibr99-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110246"},{"key":"bibr100-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110247"},{"key":"bibr31-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038231"},{"key":"bibr32-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.8.1089"},{"key":"bibr323-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.15.2.103.19213"},{"key":"bibr33-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01248460"},{"key":"bibr328-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1442"},{"key":"bibr34-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.031"},{"key":"bibr35-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108.ch19"},{"key":"bibr432-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12697-5_36"},{"key":"bibr36-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00378.x"},{"key":"bibr37-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2016.1248807"},{"key":"bibr38-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.166"},{"key":"bibr39-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.004"},{"key":"bibr40-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.11.001"},{"key":"bibr41-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2011.632604"},{"key":"bibr42-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-011-0370-1"},{"key":"bibr44-00332941211027322","volume-title":"Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism","author":"Kernberg O.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr45-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.16.5.464.22121"},{"key":"bibr46-00332941211027322","volume-title":"The restoration of the self","author":"Kohut H.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr47-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000579"},{"key":"bibr48-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.09.046"},{"key":"bibr49-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000137"},{"key":"bibr50-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21893"},{"key":"bibr51-00332941211027322","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments","author":"Levy K. N.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr52-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2000.14.3.218"},{"key":"bibr318-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Logan C. (2009). Narcissism. In McMurran, M. & Howard, R. C. (2009). Personality, personality disorder, and violence. New York, Wiley."},{"key":"bibr53-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.765881"},{"key":"bibr433-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92171-6_16"},{"key":"bibr54-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.583"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr55-00332941211027322","first-page":"149","volume":"11","author":"Lyons M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Individual Differences Research"},{"key":"bibr56-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-9956-x"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr57-00332941211027322","first-page":"3846","volume":"64","author":"Meier M. J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr58-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x"},{"key":"bibr59-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.10.003"},{"key":"bibr60-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x"},{"key":"bibr61-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.685907"},{"key":"bibr63-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12303"},{"key":"bibr64-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036613"},{"key":"bibr65-00332941211027322","volume-title":"Disorders of personality: DSM III: Axis II","author":"Millon T.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr29-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.577853"},{"key":"bibr66-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1204_1"},{"key":"bibr67-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079120"},{"key":"bibr68-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Onofrei L. (2009). A critical examination of the theoretical and empirical overlap between overt narcissism and male narcissism and between covert narcissism and female narcissism.\n                      Theses, Dissertations, and Projects\n                      , 11\u201333."},{"key":"bibr69-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-004-0042-8"},{"key":"bibr70-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.10.006"},{"key":"bibr316-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.67.4.310.56570"},{"key":"bibr71-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2013.868368"},{"key":"bibr72-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1985.tb00873.x"},{"key":"bibr73-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016530"},{"key":"bibr74-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000031"},{"key":"bibr326-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215"},{"key":"bibr327-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016530"},{"key":"bibr75-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulay A. J., Goldstein R. B., Grant B. F. (2012).\n                      Sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: Results from the wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)\n                      . In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 167\u2013180). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108.ch15"},{"key":"bibr76-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1742715007085767"},{"key":"bibr216-00332941211027322","first-page":"401","volume":"3","author":"Rank O.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Jahrbush fur Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen"},{"key":"bibr314-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.890"},{"key":"bibr218-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Reich W. (1933\/1949). Character analysis. T.P. Wolfe (Trans.; 3rd Edition 1949, original work published 1933). New York: Orgone Institute Press."},{"key":"bibr77-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.10.015"},{"key":"bibr331-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/1c60eca3-794f-4a09-8a82-e43ed3cc2009"},{"key":"bibr78-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1988.11024413"},{"key":"bibr79-00332941211027322","first-page":"5802","volume":"70","author":"Rinker L. S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr315-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8,","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20832","volume":"68","author":"Roberts C. R. D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jameson. Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"bibr317-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Robinson H., Graham F. V. (2004). Understanding Narcissism in Clinical Practice (Society of Analytical Psychology Monograph Series). Karnac Books."},{"key":"bibr80-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000100"},{"key":"bibr81-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20090301-09"},{"key":"bibr82-00332941211027322","volume-title":"Identifying and understanding the narcissistic personality","author":"Ronningstam E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr83-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000396060.67150.40"},{"key":"bibr84-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07030376"},{"key":"bibr85-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9403-9"},{"key":"bibr86-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.536"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr87-00332941211027322","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"Schulte H. B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"bibr214-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.01.007"},{"key":"bibr88-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v41n04_03"},{"key":"bibr89-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026087410516"},{"key":"bibr90-00332941211027322","volume-title":"Sex differences in narcissism: Expression of and relationships with the exploitativeness\/entitlement factor","author":"Southard A. C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr520-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0295-y"},{"key":"bibr91-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0701"},{"key":"bibr92-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000291"},{"key":"bibr93-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2013.07.005"},{"key":"bibr94-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191112436664"},{"key":"bibr95-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.590"},{"key":"bibr96-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x"},{"key":"bibr321-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.011"},{"key":"bibr101-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.09.007"},{"key":"bibr322-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21419"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr102-00332941211027322","first-page":"502","volume":"30","author":"Warren J. I.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"bibr103-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289902"},{"key":"bibr104-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289546"},{"key":"bibr105-00332941211027322","first-page":"12","volume":"29","author":"Webster G. D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Representative Research in Social Psychology"},{"key":"bibr106-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860600920488"},{"key":"bibr107-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13939-000"},{"key":"bibr217-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5403&4_2"},{"key":"bibr108-00332941211027322","unstructured":"Wolven K. E. (2015).\n                      Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: Where do the emotional differences lie?\n                      (Psychology Theses Paper 18). USC Aiken."},{"key":"bibr434-00332941211027322","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Handbook of psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives","author":"Wright A. G. C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr109-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110373227"},{"key":"bibr110-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113486692"},{"key":"bibr111-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00503.x"},{"key":"bibr112-00332941211027322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.038"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941211027322","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00332941211027322","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941211027322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:18:41Z","timestamp":1777627121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00332941211027322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00332941211027322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941211027322","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}