{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:44:27Z","timestamp":1788954267231,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research indicates that teachers\u2019 theories of intelligence (incremental vs. entity) are likely to affect their teaching practices, and some teachers hold lower expectations for students with learning disabilities. This study explored the relationships between college instructors\u2019 theories of intelligence and the feedback they provided based on a student\u2019s writing sample under two conditions: the student\u2019s dyslexia was mentioned versus not mentioned. One hundred and one college instructors completed a survey. Results of path analysis indicated the instructors who endorsed the incremental theory of intelligence gave significantly more encouraging comments than those who endorsed the entity theory. Instructors\u2019 theories of intelligence did not predict the grade assigned, the number of weaknesses pointed out, and the number of suggestions provided. The instructors informed of the student\u2019s dyslexia gave significantly higher grades than those not informed, but the instructors\u2019 feedback did not differ. No significant interaction between instructors\u2019 theories of intelligence and awareness of student dyslexia was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941221119407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1660298371000},"page":"276-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["College Instructors\u2019 Theories of Intelligence and Awareness of Student Dyslexia as Related to the Feedback Provided for the Student\u2019s Writing Assignment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Fen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle T.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssia T.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marygrove College, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise N.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-hsuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marygrove College, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.7.881"},{"key":"bibr3-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"bibr4-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-00332941221119407","first-page":"84","volume":"21","author":"Cook L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education"},{"key":"bibr6-00332941221119407","volume-title":"The state of learning disabilities","author":"Cortiella C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr7-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336738"},{"key":"bibr8-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131100"},{"key":"bibr9-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-010-9147-6"},{"key":"bibr10-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2013.03.008"},{"key":"bibr11-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415617164"},{"key":"bibr12-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development","author":"Dweck C. S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr13-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.2.256"},{"key":"bibr14-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Accelerating the integrated instruction of developmental reading and writing at Chabot College","author":"Edgecombe N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr15-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr16-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499668"},{"key":"bibr17-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21725"},{"key":"bibr18-00332941221119407","volume-title":"College instructors\u2019 preparedness to teach students with learning disabilities","author":"Hansen K. D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr19-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2006.00057.x"},{"key":"bibr20-00332941221119407","volume-title":"The state of learning disabilities: Understanding the 1 in 5","author":"Horowitz S. H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr21-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Reading statistics and research","author":"Huck S.","year":"2004","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr22-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0888406414525050"},{"key":"bibr23-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000620"},{"key":"bibr24-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037699"},{"key":"bibr25-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00085"},{"key":"bibr26-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata","author":"Long S. J.","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr27-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Tech. Rep. No. 01)","author":"Madaus J.W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr28-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032794"},{"key":"bibr29-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355483"},{"key":"bibr30-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr31-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Chi-square difference testing using the S-B scaled chi-square","author":"Muth\u00e9n L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr32-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Digest of Education Statistics","author":"National Center for Education Statistics","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr33-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Comparisons across time of the outcomes of youth with disabilities up to 4 years after high school: A report of findings from the national longitudinal transition study (NLTS) and the national longitudinal transition study-2 (NLTS2)","author":"Newman L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr34-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207312960"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr35-00332941221119407","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Osterholm K.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Focus on Colleges, Universities, and Schools"},{"key":"bibr36-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2016.06.004"},{"key":"bibr37-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.12.012"},{"key":"bibr38-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.08.002"},{"key":"bibr39-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2016.1258667"},{"key":"bibr40-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206296956"},{"key":"bibr41-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300204"},{"key":"bibr42-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-012-9208-0"},{"key":"bibr43-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409338746"},{"key":"bibr44-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19388071.2017.1340529"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr45-00332941221119407","first-page":"360","volume":"37","author":"Vierra A. J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"bibr46-00332941221119407","volume-title":"Engineering professional development: Elementary teachers\u2019 self-efficacy and sources of self-efficacy","author":"Webb D. L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr47-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930903512909"},{"key":"bibr48-00332941221119407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2016.1174187"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941221119407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00332941221119407","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941221119407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:19:39Z","timestamp":1777627179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00332941221119407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00332941221119407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941221119407","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}