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Most previous longitudinal research examining bi-directional effects has traditionally used the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), which has some inherent weaknesses. This study sought to apply a more comprehensive analysis to examine bi-directional associations between friend engagement, social functioning, and depressive symptoms. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) were tested on three waves from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5890). Average levels of social functioning were positively associated with friend engagement and negatively associated with depression. Fluctuations in social functioning and friend engagement were negatively associated with same-wave depressive symptoms. Lastly, depression was predicted by previous fluctuations in social functioning, although the findings varied by gender. This study showed that the relationships between social factors and depression are apparent within and across large time intervals, even while controlling for between-person associations. These findings add further support to the need to attend to social life as a predictor of depression in older adults. Future research could improve upon this research by examining the characteristics of the friendship interactions and including more diverse samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241241632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T23:22:30Z","timestamp":1711581750000},"page":"181-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Examining the Longitudinal Bi-Directional Associations of Friend Engagement, Social Functioning, and Depression"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austen R.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Lastrapes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.6.887"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","volume-title":"Position statements on addressing social isolation, loneliness, and the power of human connection","author":"Badock J. 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