{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:35:40Z","timestamp":1777898140141,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many theories hold that ethical perspectives inform moral judgments, but few such theories have corresponding individual difference scales. The present research aimed to develop an Ethical Perspectives Scale (EPS) reflecting specifically the five-perspective Markkula framework: utilitarianism; rights; fairness\/justice; common good; and virtue. The authors wrote and progressively revised five sets of three items, each set intended to represent one and only one Markkula perspective, before obtaining responses from the present convenience sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 621; 463 female, 157 male, 1 unspecified; Mage = 19.13, SD = 1.44) of university students. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0.867) and Bartlett\u2019s sphericity tests (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    2 = 3211.5,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001) showed that the data were suitable for factor analysis. An EFA with Direct Oblimin rotation yielded a five-factor structure corresponding to the five Markkula perspectives. A CFA yielded satisfactory indices of fit (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    2(80) = 92.81,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .155, CFI = 0.991, TLI = 0.989, SRMR = 0.039, RMSEA = 0.023, HI90 \u2264 .001, and LO90 = 0.041). The five subscales displayed satisfactory internal consistency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    subscale \u03b1 = .76). Responses from a separate student sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 148) yielded satisfactory three-week test-retest reliability (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    subscale\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .72). EPS sub-scales significantly predicted evaluations of contemporary moral dilemma decisions that involved drug legalization, free speech, and pandemic restrictions. The results were interpreted as promising first steps toward an EPS useful for future research and application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241269518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T21:09:53Z","timestamp":1722028193000},"page":"1719-1739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developing an Ethical Perspectives Scale"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3630-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Diegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Christian University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Christian University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles G.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Christian University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005891"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332580"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780198719816.book.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","volume-title":"A framework for making ethical decisions","author":"Bonde S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonde S., Firenze P. 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