{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:12:24Z","timestamp":1790763144450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral grant from the Ministry of Science","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Directorate General for the Regulation of Gambling","award":["SUBV24\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBV24\/00009"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["JDC2022-048311-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDC2022-048311-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Self-compassion is a psychological construct associated with enhanced well-being, which, to a lesser extent, has been examined in relation to addictive behaviors. The present study aims to: (1) examine gender differences in self-compassion, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and problematic Internet and smartphone use; (2) analyze the relationships among these variables; and (3) determine whether self-compassion moderates the association between anxiety and depressive symptomatology and problematic Internet and smartphone use. The sample consisted of 953 Spanish secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0= 15.42,\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0= 1.17; 55.0% females). Significant gender differences were found in all study variables except problematic Internet use, with females reporting higher levels of anxiety, depression, and problematic smartphone use, and males scoring higher in self-compassion. Moderation analyses revealed that depression and anxiety were positively associated with both problematic Internet smartphone use, while self-compassion showed negative associations with both outcomes. Significant interactions were observed, with stronger positive associations between anxiety and depression and both problematic Internet and smartphone use at higher levels of self-compassion. Our results underscore that association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and problematic Internet and smartphone use in adolescents varied across levels of self-compassion, supporting its consideration in interventions targeting behavioral addictions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941251410060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T14:09:59Z","timestamp":1767017399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Compassion as a Moderator Between Anxiety and Depressive Symptomatology and Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerea","family":"Etxaburu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Deusto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Aonso-Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Deusto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Deusto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31577\/sp.2024.04.904"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70096\/tssr.250301010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","first-page":"679","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) [Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de las Escalas de Depresi\u00f3n, Ansiedad y Estr\u00e9s (DASS)]","volume":"17","author":"Bados A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bados A., Solanas A., Andr\u00e9s R. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) [Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de las Escalas de Depresi\u00f3n, Ansiedad y Estr\u00e9s (DASS)]. Psicothema, 17(4), 679\u2013683.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effectiveness of emotion-focused training for self-compassion and self-protection in individuals addicted to the internet","volume":"16","author":"Bar\u00e1nkov\u00e1 M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bar\u00e1nkov\u00e1 M., Karpinsk\u00fd A. (2022). Effectiveness of emotion-focused training for self-compassion and self-protection in individuals addicted to the internet. Psychoterapie, 16(1), 55\u201367.","journal-title":"Psychoterapie"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"3114","article-title":"Smartphone addiction among university students: Difference in gender and academic streams","volume":"11","author":"Behera R. K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behera R. K., Scholar F. M. E., Seth M. K. (2023). Smartphone addiction among university students: Difference in gender and academic streams. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 11(4), 3114\u20133122.","journal-title":"The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"480","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicci\u00f3n a Internety el abuso de m\u00f3vil [Validation of two brief scales for assessing Internet addiction and mobile phone abuse]","volume":"21","author":"Beranuy-Fargues M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beranuy-Fargues M., Chamarro A., Graner C., Carbonell X. (2009). Validaci\u00f3n de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicci\u00f3n a Internety el abuso de m\u00f3vil [Validation of two brief scales for assessing Internet addiction and mobile phone abuse]. Psicothema, 21(3), 480\u2013485.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0567-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"789","article-title":"Problematic internet and cell phone use in Spanish teenagers and young students","volume":"28","author":"Carbonell X.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carbonell X., Chamarro A., Griffiths M., Oberst U., Cladellas R., Talarn A. (2012). Problematic internet and cell phone use in Spanish teenagers and young students. Anales de Psicolog\u00eda, 28(3), 789\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/analesps.28.3.156061","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.202"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016014818163"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121884"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-compassion, anxiety and depression symptoms: The mediation of shame and guilt","volume":"0","author":"Etemadi Shamsababdi P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Etemadi Shamsababdi P., Dehshiri G. R. (2024). Self-compassion, anxiety and depression symptoms: The mediation of shame and guilt. Psychological Reports, 0(0), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941241227525","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01563-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03408-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01134-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Field A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-024-00565-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_409_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlou I. Karakasidou E. (2025). The predictive and mediating role of self-compassion in substance use disorders. The european journal of counselling psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46853\/001c.133794","DOI":"10.46853\/001c.133794"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01491-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05049-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02067-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Mont\u00f3n M. Aonso-Diego G. Est\u00e9vez A. (2025). Body dissatisfaction in older adults: The role of social media emotion regulation social support emotional distress and coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences 245 Article 113282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113282"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","volume-title":"Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales, 2nd ed","author":"Lovibond S. H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond S. H., Lovibond P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales, 2nd ed. Psychology Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36331"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/alphapsychiatry.2022.22957"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ahj.2023.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moniri R. Pahlevani Nezhad K. Lavasani F. F. (2022). Investigating anxiety and fear of COVID-19 as predictors of internet addiction with the mediating role of self-compassion and cognitive emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 Article 841870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.841870","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.841870"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-024-00471-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S402455"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-032420-031047"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1729774"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22363\/2313-1683-2022-19-4-765-780"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1603860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15040512"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis","author":"Rosenthal R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosenthal R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In Cooper H., Hedges L. V. (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 231\u2013244). Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241227367"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2021.2005382"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","article-title":"Informe sobre Trastornos Comportamentales 2022: Juego con dinero, uso de videojuegos y uso compulsivo de Internet en las encuestas de drogas y otras adicciones en Espa\u00f1a EDADES y ESTUDES [Behavioural Disorders Report 2022: Gambling, video game use and compulsive Internet use in surveys on drugs and other addictions in Spain EDADES and ESTUDES]","author":"Spanish Drugs and Addictions Observatory [OEDA]","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spanish Drugs and Addictions Observatory [OEDA]. (2022). Informe sobre Trastornos Comportamentales 2022: Juego con dinero, uso de videojuegos y uso compulsivo de Internet en las encuestas de drogas y otras adicciones en Espa\u00f1a EDADES y ESTUDES [Behavioural Disorders Report 2022: Gambling, video game use and compulsive Internet use in surveys on drugs and other addictions in Spain EDADES and ESTUDES]. Ministerio de Sanidad. https:\/\/pnsd.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/sistemasInformacion\/sistemaInformacion\/pdf\/2022_Informe_Trastornos_Comportamentales.pdf","journal-title":"Ministerio de Sanidad"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2021.1902994"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","first-page":"a115","article-title":"Increasing self-compassion: Review of the literature and recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Stutts L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stutts L. (2022). Increasing self-compassion: Review of the literature and recommendations. Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education: JUNE: a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience, 20(2), a115\u2013a119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59390\/WSZK3327","journal-title":"Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education: JUNE: a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2017.1422537"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941221141311"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.082"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037775"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106554"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-025-00753-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06659-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13090769"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-1066-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2015.1029966"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","volume-title":"Be kinder to yourself: Awe promotes self-compassion via self-transcendence. Emotion","author":"Yuan W.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan W., Chang J., Jiang F., Jiang T. (2025). Be kinder to yourself: Awe promotes self-compassion via self-transcendence. Emotion. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0001495"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12051"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941251410060","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00332941251410060","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941251410060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:23:36Z","timestamp":1777627416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00332941251410060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00332941251410060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941251410060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"article-number":"00332941251410060"}}