{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T08:29:24Z","timestamp":1786609764429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In corporate life, job loss is a multidimensional crisis that not only threatens individuals\u2019 economic security but also profoundly shakes psychological balance, sense of identity, and future expectations. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that most significantly impact the early mental recovery process after job loss in corporate life and to develop an integrated decision-making model to guide decision-makers based on these factors. In this study, a total of 17 criteria are first identified through a literature review. Then, the N-gram technique is used to identify the seven most important criteria according to their frequency of use. Opinions are obtained from 12 academics and field professionals who are experts in the field; these opinions are weighted using the Z-score-based normalized ideal distance method to account for demographic differences. Criteria importance levels are then calculated using the SIWEC (simple weight calculation) method. This study contributes significantly to the literature by (1) systematically prioritizing the most critical factors affecting early mental recovery with a holistic approach, (2) minimizing the uncertainty and subjective judgment problems in expert opinions by developing behavioral leadership fuzzy set structures, and (3) increasing the objectivity and accuracy of the model by reducing the number of criteria based on a scientific basis using the N-gram technique. The findings indicate that financial security and resilience are the most critical factors in recovery, while self-confidence and access to healthcare are among the other important factors that directly affect the process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941261472431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:37:40Z","timestamp":1786325860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Mental Recovery After Job Loss: Uncovering Critical Factors Through a Novel Fuzzy Decision-Making Framework"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Baykal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medipol University"},{"name":"Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serhat","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medipol University"},{"name":"Khazar University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Eti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMU Vocational School, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Din\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medipol University"},{"name":"Khazar University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arena A. F. Collins D. Mackinnon A. Mobbs S. Lavender I. Harvey S. B. Deady M. (2024). Job loss due to COVID-19: A longitudinal study of mental health protective and risk factors. Psychological Reports 129(2) Article 00332941241248601.","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241248601"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unemployment and mental health: A systematic review","volume":"338","author":"Arena C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arena C., Mobbs S., Sanatkar S., Williams D. (2023). Unemployment and mental health: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 338, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-018-09824-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043237"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"The institutional determinants of health inequalities: Unemployment, healthcare access, and welfare generosity in Europe","volume":"62","author":"Buffel V.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buffel V., Beckfield J., Bracke P. (2021). The institutional determinants of health inequalities: Unemployment, healthcare access, and welfare generosity in Europe. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 62(2), 175\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465211002472","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-12-2022-0654"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Effect of a temporary increase in unemployment payments on mental health: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Butterworth P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butterworth P., Schurer S., Trinh T. A., Wooden M., Backholer K. (2022). Effect of a temporary increase in unemployment payments on mental health: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 46(4), 435\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-6405.13254","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Traumatized, but not destroyed: The role of religion and spirituality in posttraumatic growth","volume":"11","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y., Koenig H. G. (2020). Traumatized, but not destroyed: The role of religion and spirituality in posttraumatic growth. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01485","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","first-page":"114240","article-title":"Financial strain, unemployment, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"285","author":"Ettman C. K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ettman C. K., Cohen G. H., Galea S. (2021). Financial strain, unemployment, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine, 285, Article 114240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114240","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and unemployment: The mediating role of resilient coping in job search activity, happiness, and depressive symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Extremera N.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Extremera N., M\u00e9rida-L\u00f3pez S., S\u00e1nchez-\u00c1lvarez N. (2023). Emotional intelligence and unemployment: The mediating role of resilient coping in job search activity, happiness, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 39(2), 89\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5093\/jwop2023a12","journal-title":"Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2024.101351"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02950-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Financial stress and mental health among the unemployed in the Netherlands: A longitudinal study","volume":"161","author":"Giudici F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giudici F., Filandri M. (2022). Financial stress and mental health among the unemployed in the Netherlands: A longitudinal study. Social Indicators Research, 161(2), 511\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-021-02798-2","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Emotional intelligence, mental health, and job search behaviors during unemployment: The mediating role of resilient coping","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f3mez-Hombrados J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Hombrados J., Extremera N. (2023). Emotional intelligence, mental health, and job search behaviors during unemployment: The mediating role of resilient coping. Revista de Psicolog\u00eda del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 39(2), 101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5093\/jwop2023a12","journal-title":"Revista de Psicolog\u00eda del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1101046"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","first-page":"103920","article-title":"Resilience, coping self-efficacy, and mental health recovery after involuntary job loss: A longitudinal study","volume":"146","author":"Hennekam S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hennekam S., Ladge J. J., Roumpi D. (2024). Resilience, coping self-efficacy, and mental health recovery after involuntary job loss: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 146, Article 103920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2023.103920","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical and Mental Recovery for Female Footballers: Considerations and Approaches for Better Practice","volume":"56","author":"Howatson G.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Howatson G., Russell S., Pedlar C., Halson S. (2025). Physical and Mental Recovery for Female Footballers: Considerations and Approaches for Better Practice. Sports Medicine, 56(1), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isabirye A. K. Moloi K. C. Lebelo R. S. (2024). Enhancing networking skills for professional success: Strategies and tactics. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg Rebe und Wein Obstbau und Fr\u00fcchteverwertung.","DOI":"10.61586\/Rd6tw"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","volume-title":"Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis","author":"Jahoda M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jahoda M. (1982). Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","first-page":"115458","article-title":"Unemployment benefits and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"314","author":"Jeong J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong J., Fox A. (2023). Unemployment benefits and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine, 314, Article 115458.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-025-10659-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","volume-title":"How national Medicaid work requirements would lead to large-scale job losses, harm state economies, and strain budgets","author":"Ku L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ku L., Brantley E., Bruen B. (2025, May 1). How national Medicaid work requirements would lead to large-scale job losses, harm state economies, and strain budgets. The Commonwealth Fund. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26099\/6tcv-fh75"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02588-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","volume-title":"Psychological capital and beyond","author":"Luthans F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luthans F., Youssef-Morgan C. M. (2017). Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Health care access among unemployed and employed adults in the United States, 2017\u20132018","volume":"37","author":"McCormack G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCormack G., Avery E., Shah A. (2022). Health care access among unemployed and employed adults in the United States, 2017\u20132018. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(5), 1163\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-07027-7","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","first-page":"525","article-title":"Networks and the job search: Connecting individuals to work in the 21st century","volume":"46","author":"McDonald S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"McDonald S. (2020). Networks and the job search: Connecting individuals to work in the 21st century. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 525\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-121919-054728","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Unemployment and well-being: A meta-analytic review of psychological and physical health consequences","volume":"108","author":"McKee-Ryan F. M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"McKee-Ryan F. M., Maitoza R. (2023). Unemployment and well-being: A meta-analytic review of psychological and physical health consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(2), 234\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0001056","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"The mindful self\u2010compassion workbook: A proven way to accept yourself, build inner strength, and thrive","author":"Neff K. D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neff K. D., Germer C. K. (2018). The mindful self\u2010compassion workbook: A proven way to accept yourself, build inner strength, and thrive. Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127328"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","first-page":"727","article-title":"How does access to healthcare affect the association between unemployment and health? A scoping review","volume":"49","author":"Norstr\u00f6m F.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norstr\u00f6m F., Virtanen P., Hammarstr\u00f6m A., Gustafsson P. E., Janlert U. (2021). How does access to healthcare affect the association between unemployment and health? A scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(7), 727\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494820971503","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050696"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","first-page":"e0286921","article-title":"Financial resilience and mental health in post-apartheid South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Nwosu C. O.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nwosu C. O., Oyenubi A. (2023). Financial resilience and mental health in post-apartheid South Africa. PLoS One, 18(6), Article e0286921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0286921","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","first-page":"103693","article-title":"Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses","volume":"135","author":"Paul K. I.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paul K. I., Moser K. (2022). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 135, Article 103693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2019.103693","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","first-page":"103689","article-title":"Why early intervention matters: Psychological consequences of unemployment and strategies for re-employment","volume":"134","author":"Paul K. I.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paul K. I., Vogl E. (2022). Why early intervention matters: Psychological consequences of unemployment and strategies for re-employment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 134, Article 103689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2022.103689","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","first-page":"102482","article-title":"The long-term effects of unemployment on income and social integration","volume":"85","author":"Pohlan L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohlan L. (2024). The long-term effects of unemployment on income and social integration. Labour Economics, 85, Article 102482.","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","volume-title":"Is delayed mental health treatment detrimental to employment? Review of economics and statistics (forthcoming)","author":"Prudon R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prudon R. (2025). Is delayed mental health treatment detrimental to employment? Review of economics and statistics (forthcoming). Lancaster University Management School. https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/lums\/news\/new-research-finds-one-month-wait-for-mental-health-treatment-results-in-2-of-patients-losing-their-job"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2024.2308528"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063158"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Shaw A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaw A., Joseph S., Linley P. A. (2021). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(3), 217\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13674676.2020.1858768","journal-title":"Mental Health, Religion & Culture"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23887\/jpai.v6i1.49633"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-221211"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","volume-title":"Assessing potential coverage losses among Medicaid expansion enrollees under a federal Medicaid work requirement","author":"Urban Institute","year":"2025","unstructured":"Urban Institute. (2025, March 17). Assessing potential coverage losses among Medicaid expansion enrollees under a federal Medicaid work requirement. Urban Institute. https:\/\/www.urban.org\/research\/publication\/assessing-potential-coverage-losses-among-medicaid-expansion-enrollees-under"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2012.703900"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Job loss: Time to regain employment and the role of coping strategies","volume":"105","author":"Wanberg C. R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wanberg C. R., Ali A. A., Csillag B. (2020). Job loss: Time to regain employment and the role of coping strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1302\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0000487","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10690727241239946"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","first-page":"1665","article-title":"The power of professional ties: Job search networks and reemployment outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Yakubovich V.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yakubovich V. (2020). The power of professional ties: Job search networks and reemployment outcomes. Social Forces, 98(4), 1665\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/soz087","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2025.102171"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13433"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811569"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","first-page":"e2323006","article-title":"Impact of job and income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term psychological distress in U.S. adults","volume":"7","author":"Zhu K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu K., Ettman C. K., Abdalla S. M., Galea S. (2024). Impact of job and income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term psychological distress in U.S. adults. JAMA Network Open, 7(8), Article e2323006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.23006","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941261472431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00332941261472431","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941261472431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T07:52:01Z","timestamp":1786607521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00332941261472431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00332941261472431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941261472431","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"article-number":"00332941261472431"}}