{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:44:41Z","timestamp":1785703481664,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2017-1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2017-1010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2022-0838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2022-0838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-07129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-07129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The perception of emotional expression is influenced by cultural background and individual personality traits. This study examined whether the personality trait, shyness, moderated the relation between the intensity of facial emotional expressions and their perceived intensities from a cross-cultural perspective. The study included 160 young adult participants from Canada (White and East Asian) and Mainland China. Participants completed the Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale and rated the emotional intensity of same-race facial expressions (happiness, anger, fear, and sadness) at different intensity levels. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, results indicated that shyness significantly moderated the relation between expressed and perceived intensity only among participants from Mainland China (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.118,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .001), where higher levels of shyness were associated with stronger perceived emotional intensity across all emotions. However, no significant moderating effect was found in both White Canadian and East Asian Canadian groups. Findings suggest that cultural norms regarding emotional expression, particularly the emphasis on emotional restraint in Chinese culture, may amplify the role of shyness in emotional perception. Implications for clinical practice, cross-cultural communication, and psychological research on emotion recognition are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941261473843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:19:12Z","timestamp":1785377952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shyness and Facial Emotion Perception: A Cross-Cultural Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Northern British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2042-6477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skade","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiqi G.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.71317\/RJSA.003.02.0157"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200403000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022104273656"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_5_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation","volume":"46","author":"Berry J. W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berry J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: International Review, 46(1), 5\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: International Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108589666"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000390"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_9_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Brook C. A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brook C. A., Schmidt L. A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(1), 123\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ndt.s1799","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000192"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_1","article-title":"Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS) [Database record]","author":"Cheek J. M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cheek J. M. (1983). Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t05422-000","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.41.2.330"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00314.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12529"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2011.626043"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025415597792"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman P. Friesen W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17(2) 124\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0030377.pdf Retrieved from Constants-Across-Cultures-In-The-Face-And-Emotion.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030377"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.712"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41809-022-00102-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.12.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_28_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"A new approach to measuring individual differences in sensitivity to facial expressions: Influence of temperamental shyness and sociability","volume":"5","author":"Gao X.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao X., Chiesa J., Maurer D., Schmidt L. A. (2014). A new approach to measuring individual differences in sensitivity to facial expressions: Influence of temperamental shyness and sociability. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1), 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00026","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496414525479"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001159"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.4.766"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_1","volume-title":"Shyness and communal vs. individualistic orientations: Sensitivity to emotion","author":"Henderson L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henderson L., Kurita K., Zimbardo P. (2006). Shyness and communal vs. individualistic orientations: Sensitivity to emotion. Association for Cognitive of Advertising."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12372"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.104972"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2011.581539"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001034"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_1","first-page":"142","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology","author":"Kagan J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kagan J. (2013). Temperamental contributions to inhibited and uninhibited profiles. In Zelazo P. D. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 142\u2013164). Oxford University Press. Self and Other. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199958474.013.0007_update_001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06226-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1915"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001086"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022989730432"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221251334811"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2016.03.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_8_46_1","first-page":"685","article-title":"Cultural immersion alters emotion perception: Neurophysiological evidence from Chinese immigrants to Canada","volume":"12","author":"Liu P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu P., Rigoulot S., Pell M. D. (2017). Cultural immersion alters emotion perception: Neurophysiological evidence from Chinese immigrants to Canada. Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 685\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470919.2016.1231713","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12110"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma X. Fu M. Zhang X. Song X. Becker B. Wu R. Gao Z. Kendrick K. Zhao W. (2022). Own race eye-gaze bias for all emotional faces but accuracy bias only for sad expressions. Frontiers in Neuroscience 16(1) Article 852484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.852484","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.852484"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022189201006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00995569"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992972"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00995188"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976152.n12"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221221084236"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000608"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992959"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022101032004007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022107311854"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10261-001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_62_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Cultural differences in affect intensity perception in the context of advertising","volume":"2","author":"Pogosyan M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pogosyan M., Engelmann J. B. (2011). Cultural differences in affect intensity perception in the context of advertising. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(1), 313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00313","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_1","first-page":"104454632614401","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental model of social threat sensitivity as a mechanism linking fearful temperament, social anxiety, and depression in youth","author":"Politte-Corn M.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Politte-Corn M., Burkhouse K. L., Buss K. A. (2026). A neurodevelopmental model of social threat sensitivity as a mechanism linking fearful temperament, social anxiety, and depression in youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10445463261440143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10445463261440143","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000426"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poole K. L. Schmidt L. A. (2022). Temperamental contributions to state expressions of shyness in children. Personality and Individual Differences 186(1) Article 111345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111345"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu L. S. Lai M. Koike A. Sellbom M. Liddell B. J. Jobson L. (2026). Exploring cultural influences in the associations between emotion regulation and mental health: A systematic review comparing East Asian and Western cultural contexts. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 33(2) Article e70276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.70276","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70276"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192418"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan","volume":"41","author":"Safdar S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Safdar S., Friedlmeier W., Matsumoto D., Yoo S. H., Kwantes C. T., Kakai H., Shigemasu E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 41(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014387","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01650254241277789"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407518762606"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221241285006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2887267"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.534"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2015.1030036"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3922\/j.psns.2013.1.09"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20133"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_77_1","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Handbook of cultural psychology","author":"Tsai J. L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai J. L., Clobert M. (2016). Cultural influences on emotion: Empirical patterns and emerging trends. In Kitayama S., Cohen D. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (2nd ed., pp. 292\u2013318). Guilford Press. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2078.5\/81680","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033413"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1015-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12385"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu A. Shi Z. (2025). Validation of the Chinese version of emotion regulation strategies for artistic creative activities scale (ERS-ACA-C) among Chinese college students majoring in art and design. Frontiers in Psychology 16(1) Article 1627567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1627567","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1627567"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.02.004"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941261473843","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00332941261473843","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00332941261473843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:44:41Z","timestamp":1785699881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00332941261473843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00332941261473843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941261473843","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"article-number":"00332941261473843"}}