{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:08:23Z","timestamp":1790806103318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this study was to determine the occupational hazards experienced by children harvesting cocoa in western Ghana in order to design a vocational literacy life skills curriculum and radio social messaging campaign with a safety component to decrease hazardous work exposures in child agricultural work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational analysis was conducted of children aged 9 through 17 based upon personal interviews of agricultural workers, focus groups, and direct observation of work practices and activities. Job site analysis incorporated task mapping, job hazard review, and a review of equipment and use of protective gear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children and young people aged 9 through 17 are exposed to hazardous occupational exposures including strenuous work, sharp tools, and pesticides. Lack of training in proper safety practices and inadequate personal protective equipment were commonly noted. Injuries and illnesses included musculoskeletal disorders, sprains, strains, lacerations to the head, fractures, eye injuries, rashes, and coughing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children working in cocoa harvesting are exposed to physical and chemical hazards without proper training or personal protective equipment. Unless safety interventions occur, there are potential long-term adverse health consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T14:26:53Z","timestamp":1484749613000},"page":"649-655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Child Labor in Ghana Cocoa Production: Focus upon Agricultural Tasks, Ergonomic Exposures, and Associated Injuries and Illnesses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"L. Diane","family":"Mull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Initiative to End Child Labor, Arlington, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Kirkhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-003335490512000613","unstructured":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Child labor in the cocoa sector of West Africa, August 2002 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.iita.org\/news\/cocoa.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Mull LD. Analysis of job tasks and activities performed by children in cocoa production in Ghana. Creative Associates International; 2003. Children in the fields [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.endchildlabor.org"},{"key":"bibr3-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Twum-Baah KA. Ghana Child Labour Survey, March 2003. Ghana Statistical Service [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/public\/english\/standards\/ipec\/simpoc\/ghana\/report\/gh_rep.pdf"},{"key":"bibr4-003335490512000613","volume-title":"Injuries among youth on farms in the United States 1998. 2001","author":"Myers JR","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr5-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Abenyega O, Gockwoski J. Labor practices and the cocoa sector of Ghana with a special focus on the role of children, 2002. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/treecrops.org\/links\/publications\/Labor_Practices_Ghana.pdf"},{"key":"bibr6-003335490512000613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1466204042000299272"},{"key":"bibr7-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Department of State (US). Ghana 2002: Country reports on human rights policies; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.asylumlaw.org\/docs\/ghana\/usdos02_ghana_cr.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-003335490512000613","volume-title":"Towards an integrated pest management for sustainable cocoa production in Ghana","author":"Padi B","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr9-003335490512000613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199711)32:5<497::AID-AJIM9>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"bibr10-003335490512000613","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Principles of health and safety in agriculture","author":"Anderson CL","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr11-003335490512000613","first-page":"1587","volume":"8","author":"Felson DT","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr12-003335490512000613","first-page":"1599","volume":"24","author":"Maetzel A","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr13-003335490512000613","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/52.8.441"},{"key":"bibr14-003335490512000613","volume-title":"Conference proceedings: Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders for children and adolescents working in agriculture","author":"Waters TR","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr15-003335490512000613","unstructured":"National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety. North American guidelines for children's agricultural tasks, 1999 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.nagcat.org"},{"key":"bibr16-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Pesticide Action Network North America. Pesticide action network database [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.panna.org"},{"key":"bibr17-003335490512000613","volume-title":"Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings","author":"Reigart JR","year":"1999","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr18-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (US). Interim reregistration eligibility decision for pirimiphosmethyl, 2000 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppsrrd1\/REDs\/pirimiphos-methyl_ired.pdf."},{"key":"bibr19-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). Pesticide information profiles [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/extoxnet.orst.edu\/pips\/lindane.htm."},{"key":"bibr20-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Oregon State University. National Pesticide Information Center [cited 2005 June 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/npic.orst.edu"},{"key":"bibr21-003335490512000613","unstructured":"Pesticide Action Network. Pesticide Action Network pesticide database [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.pesticideinfo.org\/Index.html"},{"key":"bibr22-003335490512000613","volume-title":"Carcinogen definition"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003335490512000613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003335490512000613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:25:19Z","timestamp":1777627519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/003335490512000613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/003335490512000613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335490512000613","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}