{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:39:25Z","timestamp":1777898365123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed the added value of using a geocoderto improve sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance data and decision support through redistribution of inaccurately assigned morbidity in Richmond, Virginia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virginia initiated geocoding of STD data as a data quality tool in 2002. Geocoded output files were assessed and discordant proportions of reported gonorrhea and chlamydia morbidity were reassigned appropriately for the city of Richmond, Chesterfield County, and Henrico County (2002 to 2006). We used Chi-square analysis to compare assignment proportions and calculated crude odds ratios for 2006 data to estimate increased case reassignment likelihood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2002 to 2006, 149,229 cases of gonorrhea and chlamydia were reported within the Commonwealth of Virginia. Of the reported morbidity, 81% of cases ( n=120,875) were successfully geocoded; 7% ( n=8,461) of geocoded addresses were reassigned. Approximately 76% ( n=6,412) of all reassigned cases occurred within Richmond and Chesterfield and Henrico counties. In 2006, 84% ( n=654) of reassigned cases in this tri-city\/county area were initially reported as Richmond morbidity. Data quality improvements reduced Richmond's artificially inflated morbidity by 18% and increased Chesterfield and Henrico morbidity by 17% and 55%, respectively. Richmond morbidity was three times more likely to be reassigned than Chesterfield cases (odds ratio [OR] = 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21, 3.90), and two times more likely than Henrico cases (OR=2.12, 95% CI 1.63, 2.76). Richmond's number one national rank for STD rates was reduced beginning in 2002.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Declining rates of STDs were statistically associated with geocoded morbidity reassignments. Implementation of this data quality business process has improved epidemiologic analyses, prevention planning, and assessment of resource allocations. The reduction in Richmond's national STD rankings is indicative of the effect geocoding can have on surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549091240s210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T12:42:55Z","timestamp":1499172175000},"page":"65-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Diseases through Geocoded Morbidity Assignment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Stover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Kheirallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip Christopher","family":"Delcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA"},{"name":"Virginia Health Information, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie B.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA"},{"name":"Current affiliation: Office of Institutional Analysis & Effectiveness, The College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaShonda","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Miller L, Rodriguez A. An exercise in decision support: Analyzing healthy data. Healthy GIS, ESRI, Spring 2008. p. 2. Also available from: URL: http:\/\/www.esri.com\/library\/newsletters\/healthygis\/healthygis-spring08.pdf [cited 2009 May 27]."},{"key":"bibr2-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Health. Regulations for disease reporting and control, October 24, 2007 [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/Epidemiology\/documents\/pdf\/regs.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549091240S210","volume-title":"Atlas of stroke mortality: Racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in the United States","author":"Casper ML","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development. Former second class cities in Virginia, November 13, 2003 [cited 2008 Feb 5]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.dhcd.virginia.gov\/CommissiononLocalGovernment\/PDFs\/second.class.cities.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Grymes CA. Town and city boundaries and annexation, Virginia places [cited 2009 Feb 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.virginiaplaces.org\/vacities\/towncityboundaries.html"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"EconomicExpert.com. Independent city [cited 2009 Feb 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.economicexpert.eom\/a\/Independent:city.htm"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Goldberg DW, Wilson JP, Knoblock CA. From text to geographic coordinates: The current state of geocoding. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association [URISA] 2006 Jul 31 [cited 2008 Jul 10]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.urisa.org\/goldberg"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Sexually transmitted diseases: STD*MIS [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/std-mis"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549091240S210","volume-title":"Centrus\u2122 GeoStan: Version 5","author":"Pitney Bowes\/Group 1 Software, Inc.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr10-00333549091240S210","first-page":"1","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr11-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"CDC (US), Division of STD\/HIV Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1992\u20132004 [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549091240S210","volume-title":"SAS\u00ae: Version 9.1","author":"SAS Institute, Inc.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549091240S210","volume-title":"ArcGIS: Version 9.2","author":"Environmental Systems Research Institute","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Health. Revised chlamydia screening criteria for women. Internal correspondence to Virginia's local health district directors. 1995 Jun 7. Correspondence on file with authors."},{"key":"bibr15-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"CDC (US), Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2005 [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats05"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549091240S210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960202"},{"key":"bibr17-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Pitney Bowes\/Group 1 Software, Inc. Lot 54, where are you? Geocoding: The key to determining location characteristics [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.pbinsight.com\/files\/resource-library\/resource-files\/Lot_54_Where_are_you_-_Geocoding.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. Targeting populations using geo-mapping and social network strategies. June 2007 HIV Prevention Bulletin [cited 2009 May 27]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.nastad.org\/Publications\/bulletin.aspx"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549091240S210","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services (US). Healthy People 2010, volume II: Objectives for improving health (part B: Focus area 23: Public health infrastructure) [cited 2008 Feb 5]. 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