{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:53:37Z","timestamp":1780401217821,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the context of economic insecurity and debt among female sex workers (FSWs), how this context varies among FSWs, and its association with experiences of violence and sexual risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited FSWs aged \u226518 years ( n=673) through respondent-driven sampling for a survey on HIV risk in this region. Using logistic regression models (adjusted for partner status, education, financial support, and literacy), we assessed the relation between debt and sexual and physical victimization as well as sexual risk. We also conducted qualitative interviews with a subsample of the survey participants and examined these for related themes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adjusted logistic regression models, FSWs who reported debt were more likely to report the following: recent physical violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5, 3.9), unprotected sex with occasional clients in the past week (AOR=2.3, 95% CI 1.2, 4.3), anal sex with clients in the past 30 days (AOR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1, 3.9), and at least one sexually transmitted infection symptom in the past six months (AOR=1.6, 95% CI 1.1, 2.4). FSWs with debt were more likely to report current husbands or other male partners, and less likely to report condom use with these partners, further increasing their sexual risk. Qualitative data elaborated on these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate the violence- and HIV-related vulnerability of FSWs who report debt and further highlight how male partners may contribute to the debt and economic insecurity of FSWs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250s412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T13:18:37Z","timestamp":1485609517000},"page":"81-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["The Context of Economic Insecurity and its Relation to Violence and Risk Factors for HIV among Female Sex Workers in Andhra Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhumka","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, School of Public Health, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Biradavolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasavi","family":"Devireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Blankenship","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549101250S412","unstructured":"UNICEF. Poverty drives Kenyan girls into sex work [cited 2008 May 20]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/kenya_46571.html"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549101250S412","volume-title":"Kenya: Drought, poverty forcing young women into risky commercial sex","author":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Integrated Regional Information Networks","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500412824"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549101250S412","volume-title":"Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.003"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549101250S412","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"Schunter B","year":"2001","journal-title":"Research for Sex Work"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00315-4"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549101250S412","first-page":"223","volume":"26","author":"Sarkar K","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67732-X"},{"key":"bibr10-00333549101250S412","first-page":"25","volume":"4","author":"Cler-Cunningham L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Research for Sex Work"},{"key":"bibr11-00333549101250S412","volume-title":"Revolving door: An analysis of street-based prostitution in New York City","author":"Thukral J","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549101250S412","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, World Health Organization. UNAIDS\/WHO AIDS epidemic update: December 2005 [cited 2010 Mar 1]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/epi\/2005\/doc\/report_pdf.asp"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020438"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000343769.92949.dd"},{"key":"bibr15-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000172879.20628.e1"},{"key":"bibr17-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.038653"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549101250S412","volume-title":"SAS\u00ae: Version 9.1","author":"SAS Institute, Inc.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-005-0030-6"},{"key":"bibr20-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.12.005"},{"key":"bibr21-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.06.009"},{"key":"bibr22-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(01)90010-2"},{"key":"bibr23-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129550126218"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr24-00333549101250S412","first-page":"1","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr25-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181653433"},{"key":"bibr26-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400010"},{"key":"bibr27-00333549101250S412","first-page":"213","volume":"4","author":"Semaan S","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"bibr28-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.12.006"},{"key":"bibr29-00333549101250S412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9052-7"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549101250S412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549101250S412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:29:15Z","timestamp":1777627755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549101250S412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549101250S412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549101250s412","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}