{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1779246152121,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men who have sex with men (MSM) bear the greatest burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in every state in the U.S., but their populations are poorly defined. We estimated and compared populations of MSM in 2007 by region, state, and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We averaged findings from two statistical models we had previously developed to estimate the total state-specific percentage and number of males who were MSM. The models were based, respectively, on state-specific rural\/suburban\/urban characteristics and an index using state-specific household census data on same-sex male unmarried partners. A third model, based on racial\/ethnic ratios from a nationally representative behavioral survey, partitioned these statewide numbers by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of an estimated 7.1 million MSM residing in the U.S. in 2007, 71.4% (5.1 million) were white, 15.9% (1.1 million) were Hispanic, 8.9% (635,000) were black, 2.7% (191,000) were Asian, 0.4% (26,000) were American Indian\/Alaska Native, 0.1% (6,000) were Native Hawaiian\/other Pacific Islander, and 0.6% (41,000) were of multiple\/unknown race\/ethnicity. The overall U.S. percentage of males who were MSM (6.4%) varied from 3.3% in South Dakota to 13.2% in the District of Columbia, which we treated as a state. Estimated numbers of MSM ranged from 9,612 in Wyoming to 1,104,805 in California.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plausible estimates of MSM populations by state and race\/ethnicity can inform and guide HIV\/AIDS surveillance, allocation of resources, and advocacy. They can help in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of HIV prevention programs and other services. Using MSM numbers as denominators, estimates of population-based MSM HIV incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates could help clarify national and state-level epidemic dynamics. Until corroborated by other modeling and\/or empirical research, these estimates should be used with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T02:11:55Z","timestamp":1499047915000},"page":"60-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Statewide Estimation of Racial\/Ethnic Populations of Men Who Have Sex with Men in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Spencer","family":"Lieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of HIV\/AIDS, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skills4, Fort Lauderdale, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Family and Community Health, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Gates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Williams Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Liberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of HIV\/AIDS, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Malow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.301.1.27"},{"key":"bibr2-003335491112600110","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance report, 2006","volume":"18","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr3-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.520"},{"key":"bibr4-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499509551795"},{"key":"bibr5-003335491112600110","first-page":"1","volume":"362","author":"Mosher WD","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"bibr6-003335491112600110","volume-title":"The Janus report on sexual behavior","author":"Janus SS","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr7-003335491112600110","volume-title":"The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States","author":"Laumann EO","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr8-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9135-5"},{"key":"bibr9-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.907"},{"key":"bibr10-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104003-00006"},{"key":"bibr11-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648117"},{"key":"bibr12-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.642"},{"key":"bibr13-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-180"},{"key":"bibr14-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jth126"},{"key":"bibr15-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181594c4d"},{"key":"bibr16-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9411-3"},{"key":"bibr17-003335491112600110","volume-title":"Presented at the National STD Prevention Conference","author":"Purcell DW","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr18-003335491112600110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9401-4"},{"key":"bibr19-003335491112600110","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Adult HIV\/AIDS confidential case report. Form CDC 50.42A. 2003."},{"key":"bibr20-003335491112600110","unstructured":"Census Bureau (US). 2000 Census, summary file 1, table: urban and rural [cited 2009 Jan 3]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov"},{"key":"bibr21-003335491112600110","unstructured":"Census Bureau (US). American Community Survey, 2005\u20132007 [cited 2009 Jan 3]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/servlet\/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=."},{"key":"bibr22-003335491112600110","unstructured":"Census Bureau (US). Midyear 2007 population estimates [cited 2009 Jan 3]. 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