{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:54:38Z","timestamp":1791172478920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of noroviruses in both foodborne and person-to-person outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) has been difficult to determine in the U.S. because of lack of routine norovirus testing and of national reporting of person-to-person outbreaks. We conducted a prospective study in one state in which enhanced testing for noroviruses was performed to better understand the relative contribution of all gastroenteric pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the two-year period, 2000\u20132001, we took all fecal specimens from AGE outbreaks reported in Georgia that were negative for bacteria and tested these for norovirus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated 78 AGE outbreaks, from which suitable fecal samples were collected from 57 of them. Norovirus was identified in 25 (44%) outbreaks, bacteria in 20 (35%) outbreaks, and parasites in one (2%) outbreak. Forty-three (75%) of the outbreaks tested were foodborne, of which 17 (40%) were attributable to norovirus and 18 (42%) were attributable to bacteria. Adjusting for incomplete testing, we estimated that 53% of all AGE outbreaks were attributable to norovirus. A total of 2,674 people were reported ill in the 57 outbreaks, and norovirus infections accounted for 1,735 (65%) of these cases. Norovirus outbreaks tended to be larger than bacterial outbreaks, with a median number of 30 vs. 16 cases per outbreak, respectively ( p=0.057).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides further evidence that noroviruses are, overall, the most common cause of AGE outbreaks in the U.S. Improved specimen collection, reporting person-to-person outbreaks, and access to molecular assays are needed to further understand the role of these viruses and methods for their prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T08:05:35Z","timestamp":1485590735000},"page":"251-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced Surveillance of Norovirus Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Georgia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Marc-Alain","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra N.","family":"Bulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Suzanne","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley M.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Human Resources, Notifiable Disease Epidemiology Section, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Lance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Bresee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger I.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"The Fogarty Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"bibr2-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499315"},{"key":"bibr3-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342386"},{"key":"bibr4-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315583"},{"key":"bibr5-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040426"},{"key":"bibr6-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803008689"},{"key":"bibr7-003335491112600216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026889900432X"},{"key":"bibr8-003335491112600216","first-page":"1859","volume":"293","author":"Widdowson 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