{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:40:24Z","timestamp":1777898424054,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used existing data systems to examine sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates and explore potential county-level associations between HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates and socioeconomic disadvantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using South Carolina county data, we constructed multivariate ring maps to spatially visualize syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates; gender- and race-specific HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates; and three measures of socioeconomic disadvantage\u2014an unemployment index, a poverty index, and the Townsend index of social deprivation. Statistical analyses were performed to quantitatively assess potential county-level associations between HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates and each of the three indexes of socioeconomic disadvantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ring maps revealed substantial spatial association in STD and HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates and highlighted large gender and racial disparities in HIV\/AIDS across the state. The mean county-level HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rate (per 100,000 population) was 24.2 for males vs. 11.2 for females, and 34.8 for African Americans vs. 5.2 for white people. In addition, ring map visualization suggested a county-level association between HIV\/AIDS diagnosis rates and socioeconomic disadvantage. Significant positive bivariate relationships were found between HIV\/AIDS rate categories and each increase in poverty index category (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03; p=0.006), as well as each increase in Townsend index of social deprivation category (OR=4.98; p&lt;0.001). A multivariate ordered logistic regression model in which all three socioeconomic disadvantage indexes were included showed a significant positive association between HIV\/AIDS and Townsend index categories (adjusted OR=6.10; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ring maps graphically depicted the spatial coincidence of STD and HIV\/AIDS and revealed large gender and racial disparities in HIV\/AIDS across South Carolina counties. This spatial visualization method used existing data systems to highlight the importance of social determinants of health in program planning and decision-making processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549111260s316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T01:43:32Z","timestamp":1499046212000},"page":"115-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spatial Visualization of Multivariate Datasets: An Analysis of STD and HIV\/AIDS Diagnosis Rates and Socioeconomic Context Using Ring Maps"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Ana L\u00f2pez-De","family":"Fede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Institute for Families in Society, Policy and Research Unit on Medicaid and Medicare, Columbia, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John 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