{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:40:59Z","timestamp":1777898459743,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National guidelines highlight the roles of early HIV diagnosis and effective comanagement for HIV and tuberculosis (TB) to prevent mortality and morbidity from HIV-related TB. We assessed HIV diagnosis timing and HIV\/TB comanagement for California HIV\/TB patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed and analyzed public health charts for California HIV\/TB patients reported during 2008. HIV diagnoses fewer than three months before TB diagnosis were considered new HIV diagnoses. We determined the proportion of patients with new HIV diagnoses, risk factors for new HIV diagnoses, and proportion of patients receiving recommended CD4 cell count measurements, supervised TB therapy, and antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 130 HIV\/TB patients, 51% had new HIV diagnoses. Foreign-born patients were more likely than U.S.-born patients to have new HIV diagnoses. Supervised TB therapy and CD4 cell count measurements followed national recommendations for 91% and 74% of patients, respectively. At least 73% of patients started ART before completing TB therapy. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses started ART later and had lower CD4 cell counts and higher viral loads at TB diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although most HIV\/TB patients received the recommended treatment, half had new HIV diagnoses. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses had greater immunosuppression at TB diagnosis. A new diagnosis indicates that HIV could have been diagnosed earlier and ART or treatment for latent TB infection could have been initiated to prevent TB development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491412900211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T16:36:03Z","timestamp":1499099763000},"page":"170-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Timely HIV Diagnosis and HIV\/TB Comanagement among California Patients in 2008"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Darryl","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Tuberculosis Control Branch, Richmond, CA"},{"name":"Current affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Immunization Branch, Richmond, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Tuberculosis Control Branch, Richmond, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Tuberculosis Control Branch, Richmond, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"bibr1-003335491412900211","first-page":"115","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr2-003335491412900211","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Branson BM","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr3-003335491412900211","first-page":"458","volume":"8","author":"Cayla JA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"bibr4-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-258"},{"key":"bibr5-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1529OC"},{"key":"bibr6-003335491412900211","volume-title":"Report No. 21","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr7-003335491412900211","volume-title":"Reported tuberculosis in the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr8-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3182550a83"},{"key":"bibr9-003335491412900211","volume-title":"Reported tuberculosis in the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr10-003335491412900211","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"Kaplan JE","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr11-003335491412900211","first-page":"CD000171","author":"Akolo C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr12-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001270"},{"key":"bibr13-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60204-3"},{"key":"bibr14-003335491412900211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0483"},{"key":"bibr15-003335491412900211","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. 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