{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:47:25Z","timestamp":1790480845421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Backyard poultry ownership is increasingly common in U.S. cities and is regulated at the local level. Human contact with live poultry is a well-known risk for infection with zoonotic pathogens, notably Salmonella, yet the ability of local jurisdictions to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission from poultry to humans is unstudied. We reviewed urban poultry ordinances in the United States and reported Salmonella outbreaks from backyard poultry to identify regulatory gaps in preventing zoonotic pathogen transmission. Based on this analysis, we propose regulatory guidelines for U.S. cities to reduce infectious disease risk from backyard poultry ownership.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed local ordinances in the 150 most populous U.S. jurisdictions for content related to noncommercial poultry ownership using online resources and communications with government officials. We also performed a literature review using publicly available data sources to identify human infectious disease outbreaks caused by contact with backyard poultry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the cities reviewed, 93% ( n=139) permit poultry in some capacity. Most urban poultry ordinances share common characteristics focused on reducing nuisance to neighbors. Ordinances do not address many pathways of transmission relevant to poultry-to-human transmission of pathogens, such as manure management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reduce the risk of pathogen exposure from backyard poultry, urban ordinances should incorporate the following seven components: limited flock size, composting of manure in sealed containers, prohibition of slaughter, required veterinary care to sick birds, appropriate disposal of dead birds, annual permits linked to consumer education, and a registry of poultry owners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1485605001000},"page":"380-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Molly R.","family":"Tobin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, Sargent College, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse L.","family":"Goldshear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, College of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance B.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, Milkin Institute School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Center for Food Microbiology and Environmental Health, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay P.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, Milkin Institute School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica H.","family":"Leibler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-003335491513000417","volume-title":"Residential urban chicken keeping: An examination of 25 cities","author":"LaBadie K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-003335491513000417","volume-title":"Urban chicken ownership in four U.S. cities","author":"Department of Agriculture (US)","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr3-003335491513000417","first-page":"537","volume":"38","author":"Voigt KA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Boston Coll Environ Aff Law Rev"},{"key":"bibr4-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). CDC features\u2014risk of human Salmonella infections from live baby poultry. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 1]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/salmonellababybirds."},{"key":"bibr5-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-011-9504-1"},{"key":"bibr6-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000103"},{"key":"bibr7-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2013.845999"},{"key":"bibr8-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Orbach B, Sjoberg FR, Excessive speech, civility norms, and the clucking theorem. Conn Law Rev 2011;44. Report No.: ID 1740625. Also available from: URL: http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=1740625 [cited 2015 Mar 3]."},{"key":"bibr9-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5304\/jafscd.2012.022.003"},{"key":"bibr10-003335491513000417","volume-title":"Farm size and the organization of U.S. crop farming","author":"MacDonald JM","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Backyardchickens.com. Do you know your chicken laws, ordinances and your rights and entitlements? [cited 2015 Mar 5]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.backyardchickens.com\/atype\/3\/laws."},{"key":"bibr12-003335491513000417","volume-title":"Poultry 2010: Reference of the health and management of chicken flocks in urban settings in four U.S. cities, 2010","author":"Department of Agriculture (US)","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr13-003335491513000417","volume-title":"Feeding the locavores, one chicken at a time: Regulating backyard chickens","author":"Salkin P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Altona and Salmonella Johannesburg infections linked to chicks and ducklings [cited 2014 Aug 12]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/altona-baby-chicks\/index.html."},{"key":"bibr15-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381578"},{"key":"bibr16-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu067"},{"key":"bibr17-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"bibr18-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082188899"},{"key":"bibr19-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092142499"},{"key":"bibr20-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Census Bureau (US). Annual estimates of resident population for incorporated places over 50,000, ranked by July 1, 2013 population [cited 2015 Mar 3]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/factfinder2.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk."},{"key":"bibr21-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960130007003"},{"key":"bibr22-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111818"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr23-003335491513000417","first-page":"273","volume":"56","author":"Bidol S","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr24-003335491513000417","first-page":"25","volume":"58","author":"Hedican E","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr25-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01461.x"},{"key":"bibr26-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Hadar infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (final update). 2011 [cited 2014 Aug 12]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/hadar-live-poultry-07-12\/index.html."},{"key":"bibr27-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Montevideo infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (final update). 2012 [cited 2014 Aug 12]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/montevideo-06-12\/index.html."},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr28-003335491513000417","first-page":"213","volume":"62","author":"Forshey TM","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr29-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (final update). 2013 [cited 2014 Aug 4]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/typhimurium-live-poultry-04-13\/index.html."},{"key":"bibr30-003335491513000417","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks. 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 3]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/live-poultry-05-14."},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr31-003335491513000417","first-page":"185","volume":"41","author":"Svitlik C","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr32-003335491513000417","first-page":"237","volume":"46","author":"Blythe D","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"bibr33-003335491513000417","first-page":"297","volume":"49","author":"Bidol S","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr34-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0094"},{"key":"bibr35-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.11.1571"},{"key":"bibr36-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2001.00213.x"},{"key":"bibr37-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.691-696.2005"},{"key":"bibr38-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00331"},{"key":"bibr39-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.02.030"},{"key":"bibr40-003335491513000417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490812300309"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003335491513000417","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003335491513000417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:32:14Z","timestamp":1777627934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/003335491513000417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/003335491513000417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335491513000417","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}}}