{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1777898563976,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased mortality has been documented in older homeless veterans. This retrospective study examined mortality and cause of death in a cohort of young and middle-aged homeless veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined US Department of Veterans Affairs records on homelessness and health care for 2000-2003 and identified 23\u2009898 homeless living veterans and 65\u2009198 non-homeless living veterans aged 30-54. We used National Death Index records to determine survival status. We compared survival rates and causes of death for the 2 groups during a 10-year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A greater percentage of homeless veterans (3905\/23\u2009898, 16.3%) than non-homeless veterans (4143\/65\u2009198, 6.1%) died during the follow-up period, with a hazard ratio for risk of death of 2.9. The mean age at death (52.3 years) for homeless veterans was approximately 1 year younger than that of non-homeless veterans (53.2 years). Most deaths among homeless veterans (3431\/3905, 87.9%) and non-homeless veterans (3725\/4143, 89.9%) were attributed to 7 cause-of-death categories in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (cardiovascular system; neoplasm; external cause; digestive system; respiratory system; infectious disease; and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases). Death by violence was rare but was associated with a significantly higher risk among homeless veterans than among non-homeless veterans (suicide hazard ratio = 2.7; homicide hazard ratio = 7.6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Younger and middle-aged homeless veterans had higher mortality rates than those of their non-homeless veteran peers. Our results indicate that homelessness substantially increases mortality risk in veterans throughout the adult age range. Health assessment would be valuable for assessing the mortality risk among homeless veterans regardless of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918755709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T17:26:23Z","timestamp":1518110783000},"page":"177-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mortality and Cause of Death in Younger Homeless Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Schinka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Homelessness Among Veterans, Tampa, FL, USA"},{"name":"School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine C.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Lapcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Center of Innovation in Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Homelessness Among Veterans, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.4.529"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408043310506"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1454"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp160"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354918755709","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development.\n                      The 2016 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: Part 1: Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S\n                      . Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2016. https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resources\/documents\/2016-AHAR-Part-2-Section-5.pdf. Accessed January 8, 2018."},{"key":"bibr6-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200003000-00003"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300026"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300128"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.07.004"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500095"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.21209.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300104"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354918755709","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354918755709","volume-title":"SPSS Version 22.0 for Windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354918755709","unstructured":"Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Suicide rates for females and males by race and ethnicity: United States, 1999 and 2014. April 2016. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/hestat\/suicide\/rates_1999_2014.pdf. Accessed January 2, 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr16-0033354918755709","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"Kochanek KD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01593.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)80004-3"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354918755709","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E44","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150567","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Toole TP","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354918755709","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0033354918755709","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354918755709","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:34:27Z","timestamp":1777628067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0033354918755709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0033354918755709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918755709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]}}}