{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:49:30Z","timestamp":1790178570560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The modern era of vaccination was heralded with the licensure of the first 2 measles vaccines in 1963. This new era was distinct from the preceding era of vaccination for 4 main reasons. First, federal leadership in support of immunization at the local level grew. Second, immunization proponents championed the required vaccination of children as the best means of ensuring a protected population. Third, immunization proponents championed the idea that mass vaccination would not only help manage infectious diseases but also eradicate them. Fourth, the focus of local and federally supported immunization initiatives began to extend to the \u201cmild\u201d and \u201cmoderate\u201d diseases of childhood (eg, measles), so-called because they were seen as less severe than previous targets of mass vaccination, such as smallpox, polio, and diphtheria. This article follows the history of measles to explore immunization successes and challenges in this modern era, because measles was the first of the mild and moderate diseases to become the target of a federally supported eradication-through-vaccination campaign, one that relied heavily on the preemptive, required vaccination of children. Its story thus epitomizes the range of political, epidemiological, cultural, and communications challenges to mass immunization in the modern era of vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919826558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T14:07:15Z","timestamp":1550153235000},"page":"118-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Measles and the Modern History of Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Conis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Journalism and Center for Science, Technology, Medicine, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4591969"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919826558","volume-title":"The Taming of a Virus [videocassette]","author":"Junod SW","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.52.Suppl_2.1"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226923772.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354919826558","author":"2 measles vaccines licensed","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4592985"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354919826558","unstructured":"Vaccination Assistance Act. Pub L No 87-868, 76 Stat 1155 (1962)."},{"key":"bibr8-0033354919826558","unstructured":"Community Health Services and Facilities Act. Pub L No 89-109 (1965)."},{"key":"bibr9-0033354919826558","volume-title":"State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America","author":"Colgrove J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354919826558","unstructured":"Speech given by Assistant Secretary of HEW Boisfeuillet Jones, University of Pennsylvania, April 29, 1963. Folder: FA5 12-16-62\u20144-30-63 General, Box 99, White House Central Files, John F. 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Speech given by James L. Goddard before the Clinical Meeting of the American Medical Association, December 3, 1963. Folder: Info 3 Tr.\u20141963, Box 334065 No. 5, Record Group 442. Centers for Disease Control, Office of the Director Files, National Archives and Records Administration, Southeast Region."},{"key":"bibr19-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200190013003"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354919826558","first-page":"35","volume":"7","author":"Schultz D","year":"1978","journal-title":"New York Times Sunday Magazine"},{"key":"bibr21-0033354919826558","first-page":"219","author":"Schildkraut ML","year":"1978","journal-title":"Good Housekeeping"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354919826558","unstructured":"\u201cRemarks by Secretary Califano.\u201d Conference on Immunization held December 12, 1978. Folder: Children\u2014Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) Conference\u2014Childhood Immunization, 12\/12\/78, Box 7, Collection JC- FL: Records of the First Lady\u2019s Office, Jimmy Carter Library."},{"key":"bibr23-0033354919826558","volume-title":"DPT: Vaccine Roulette","author":"Thompson L","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr24-0033354919826558","unstructured":"National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. Pub L No 99-2660, 100 Stat 3755 (1986)."},{"key":"bibr25-0033354919826558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470110093039"},{"key":"bibr26-0033354919826558","first-page":"A1","author":"Okie S","year":"1991","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354919826558","unstructured":"Comprehensive Child Immunization Act of 1993, S 732, 103rd Congress (1993-1994)."},{"key":"bibr28-0033354919826558","unstructured":"Social Security Act. 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