{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1794037547596,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics have been limited by the lack of a national list for representative sampling. We sought to establish the number, type, and distribution of STD clinics and describe selected community characteristics associated with them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a 2-phased, multilevel, online search from September 2014 through March 2015 and from May through October 2017 to identify STD clinics in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. We obtained data on clinic name, address, contact information, and 340B funding status (which requires manufacturers to provide outpatient drugs at reduced prices). We classified clinics by type. We also obtained secondary county-level data to compare rates of chlamydia and HIV, teen births, uninsurance and unemployment, and high school graduation; ratios of primary care physician to population; health care costs; median household income; and percentage of population living in rural areas vs nonrural areas. We used t tests to examine mean differences in characteristics between counties with and without STD clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found 4079 STD clinics and classified them into 10 types; 2530 (62.0%) clinics were affiliated with a local health department. Of 3129 counties, 1098 (35.1%) did not have an STD clinic. Twelve states had an STD clinic in every county, and 34 states had \u22651 clinic per 100\u2009000 population. Most STD clinics were located in areas of high chlamydia morbidity and where other surrogate needs were greatest; rural areas were underserved by STD clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This list may aid in more comprehensive national studies of clinic services, STD clinic adaptation to external policy changes (eg, in public financing or patient access policy), and long-term clinic survival, with special attention to clinic coverage in rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919847733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1558440194000},"page":"371-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Existence, Distribution, and Characteristics of STD Clinics in the United States, 2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth E.","family":"Meyerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Reno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura T.","family":"Haderxhanaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Aaron","family":"Sayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan K.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurprit","family":"Multani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Naeyaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audra","family":"Meador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health\u2013Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Rural Center for AIDS\/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley P.","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anthropology and Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"St. Louis STD\/HIV Prevention Training Center, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919847733","volume-title":"The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases","author":"Eng TR","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000271"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000187"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000377"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199711000-00009"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr6-0033354919847733","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"Workowski KA","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.3.254"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000629"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000427"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136055"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-010-9298-6"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000135"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302839"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000803"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354919847733","volume-title":"Ready to Go: The History and Contribution of U.S. Public Health Advisors","author":"Meyerson BE","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000659"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000109"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000255"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302949"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354919847733","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2016. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats16\/CDC_2016_STDS_Report-for508WebSep21_2017_1644.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2017."},{"key":"bibr21-0033354919847733","volume-title":"Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint","author":"Gostin LO","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"issue":"207","key":"bibr22-0033354919847733","first-page":"55156","volume":"61","author":"Notice regarding section 602 of the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 Patient and Entity Eligibility","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fed Register"},{"key":"bibr23-0033354919847733","unstructured":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2017 County Health Rankings key findings report. 2017. http:\/\/www.countyhealthrankings.org\/reports\/2017-county-health-rankings-key-findings-report. Accessed November 10, 2017."},{"key":"bibr24-0033354919847733","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. County population totals and components of change, 2010-2017. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/2017\/demo\/popest\/counties-total.html. Accessed July 1, 2017."},{"key":"bibr25-0033354919847733","unstructured":"US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP) 5-year ACS 2006-2010: tabulations part 3\u2014worker home-to-work flow tables. Updated June 2017. http:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/planning\/census_issues\/ctpp\/data_products\/2006-2010_table_list\/sheet04.cfm. Accessed October 1, 2017."},{"key":"bibr26-0033354919847733","volume-title":"SPSS Version 24.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354919847733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000289"},{"key":"bibr28-0033354919847733","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2015. 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