{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:43:22Z","timestamp":1777898602213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates of childhood obesity and parental incarceration have been increasing in the United States since the 1970s. We examined whether parental incarceration was associated with child overweight at age 9 and whether that association differed by which parent was incarcerated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We ran cross-sectional logistic regression models predicting the likelihood of a child being overweight, conditional on whether the child\u2019s mother, father, or both parents had ever been incarcerated. Our sample included non-Hispanic black (n = 1638) and non-Hispanic white (n = 504) children who were surveyed at age 9 in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a stratified random sample of new and mostly unmarried parents in US cities with populations &gt;200\u2009000. Children were born between 1998 and 2000.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlling for race, sex, parental socioeconomic status, maternal obesity, parental impulsivity, and child temperament, the odds of being overweight were significantly lower if a child\u2019s mother was the only parent ever incarcerated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.83) or if both parents were ever incarcerated (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.87) compared with children whose parents were never incarcerated. Having a father who had ever been incarcerated had a comparatively meager and nonsignificant effect on the odds of a child being overweight (aOR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64-1.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings contribute to an emerging body of research suggesting that the consequences of parental incarceration for young children\u2019s physical health may differ by whether a child\u2019s mother or father has ever been incarcerated. Caution is warranted in generalizing the negative behavioral and mental health effects of parental incarceration to child physical health conditions, particularly for young children whose mothers have a history of incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919854448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T17:56:22Z","timestamp":1559670982000},"page":"363-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Parental Incarceration and Child Overweight: Results From a Sample of Disadvantaged Children in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia R.","family":"Branigan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Wildeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919854448","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"Travis J","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0052"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919854448","unstructured":"Murphy D, Cooper PM. Parents behind bars: what happens to their children? 2015. https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2019."},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026407"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301590"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514544173"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v1.a11"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9458-0"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2012"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2014"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800541"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354919854448","volume-title":"Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008","author":"Ogden C","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2012.10.007"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802251"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr409"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0627"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0291-z"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2006.00404.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354919854448","volume-title":"Why Punish the Children? A Reappraisal of the Children of Incarcerated Mothers in America","author":"Bloom B","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354919854448","volume-title":"Kinship Care When Parents Are Incarcerated: What We Know, What We Can Do. A Review of the Research and Recommendations for Action","author":"Hairston CF","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr21-0033354919854448","volume-title":"Children of Incarcerated Parents: Cumulative Risk and Children\u2019s Living Arrangements","author":"Johnson EI","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341184"},{"key":"bibr23-0033354919854448","volume-title":"Incarcerated Parents and Their Children","author":"Mumola CJ","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr24-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(01)00141-4"},{"key":"bibr25-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.008"},{"key":"bibr26-0033354919854448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124100028003003"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354919854448","first-page":"1","volume":"246","author":"Kuczmarski RJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 11"},{"key":"bibr28-0033354919854448","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data table of BMI-for-age charts. 2001. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts\/html_charts\/bmiagerev.htm. 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