{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:09:26Z","timestamp":1784120966108,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSH-141971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSH-141971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In North America, the illicit drug supply is increasingly contaminated by illicitly manufactured fentanyl. We sought to assess the level and source of fentanyl risk knowledge, defined as knowledge of the overdose risks associated with fentanyl, and characterize the prevalence and correlates of perceived risk of personally having a fentanyl overdose among persons who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in Vancouver, British Columbia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We derived data from 3 prospective cohorts of PWUD in Vancouver from December 2016 through May 2017. We used multivariable ordinal regression analysis to identify factors associated with a lower perceived risk of having a fentanyl overdose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1166 participants, 1095 (93.9%) had fentanyl risk knowledge. Of 1137 participants who answered questions about their perceived risk of having a fentanyl overdose, 398 (35.0%) perceived having no risk, 426 (37.5%) perceived having low risk, and 313 (27.5%) perceived having moderate or high risk. Never or rarely using opioids (n = 541, 65.7%) was the most common reason for reporting no or low perceived risk (n = 824), whereas 137 (16.6%) participants reported daily heroin use. In multivariable analysis, compared with participants who perceived a moderate or high risk, participants who perceived a lower risk were less likely to report a recent nonfatal overdose (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28; P &lt; .001), recent injection drug use (aOR = 0.34; P &lt; .001), and awareness of recent exposure to fentanyl (aOR = 0.34; P &lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a high level of fentanyl risk knowledge, most study participants did not translate this knowledge into a risk of having an overdose. Although participants who perceived a lower risk were less likely to have had an overdose, a considerable proportion was engaged in daily opioid use, suggesting the need to improve overdose prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919857084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T13:07:20Z","timestamp":1560863240000},"page":"423-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Knowledge of Fentanyl and Perceived Risk of Overdose Among Persons Who Use Drugs in Vancouver, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Soroush","family":"Moallef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Nosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kora","family":"DeBeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fairbairn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919857084","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2016. 2016. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/doc\/wdr2016\/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2018."},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919857084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919857084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918774330"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919857084","unstructured":"Government of Canada. National report: apparent opioid-related deaths in Canada. 2018. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/national-report-apparent-opioid-related-deaths-released-september-2018.html#a1. Accessed November 1, 2018."},{"key":"bibr5-0033354919857084","unstructured":"Government of BC. Lethal drugs are circulating. 2018. https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/overdose\/lethal-drugs-are-circulating. Accessed July 25, 2018."},{"key":"bibr6-0033354919857084","unstructured":"British Columbia Coroners Service. Fentanyl-detected illicit drug overdose deaths. 2018. https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/assets\/gov\/birth-adoption-death-marriage-and-divorce\/deaths\/coroners-service\/statistical\/fentanyl-detected-overdose.pdf. 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