{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:43:20Z","timestamp":1777898600998,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tracking trends in the testing of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can help measure tuberculosis elimination efforts in the United States. The objectives of this study were to estimate (1) the annual number of persons tested for LTBI and the number of LTBI tests conducted, by type of test and by public, private, and military sectors, and (2) the cost of LTBI testing in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the biomedical literature for published data on private-sector and military LTBI testing in 2013, and we used back-calculation to estimate public-sector LTBI testing. To estimate costs, we applied Medicare-allowable reimbursements in 2013 by test type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated an average (low-high) 13.3 million (11.3-15.4 million) persons tested for LTBI and 15.3 million (12.9-17.7 million) LTBI tests, of which 13.2 million (11.1-15.3 million) were tuberculin skin tests and 2.1 million (1.8-2.4 million) were interferon-\u03b3 release assays (IGRAs). Eighty percent of persons tested were in the public sector, 18% were in the private sector, and 2% were in the military. Costs of LTBI tests and of chest radiography totaled $314 million (range, $256 million to $403 million).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To achieve tuberculosis elimination, millions more persons will need to be tested in all sectors. By targeting testing to only those at high risk of tuberculosis and by using more specific IGRA tests, the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States can be reduced and resources can be more efficiently used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919862688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T16:02:55Z","timestamp":1563984175000},"page":"522-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimates of Testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Cost, United States, 2013"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Marks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel Yelk","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwame","family":"Owusu-Edusei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garrett R. Beeler","family":"Asay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919862688","volume-title":"Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination strategic plan 2016-2020. Reviewed December 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/about\/strategicplan.htm. Accessed July 26, 2018."},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881100286X"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy094"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr5-0033354919862688","first-page":"1","volume":"59","author":"Mazurek GH","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6725a5"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354919862688","first-page":"2017","volume":"3816432","author":"Owusu-Edusei K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr8-0033354919862688","first-page":"8","volume":"21","author":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center","year":"2014","journal-title":"MSMR"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1563OC"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140881"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Physician fee schedule search (for tuberculin skin test Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] code 86580; for chest radiography 2 views CPT code 71020). https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/apps\/physician-fee-schedule\/search\/search-criteria.aspx . Accessed March 23, 2018."},{"key":"bibr12-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Clinical laboratory fee schedule. Modified September 2016. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Medicare\/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment\/ClinicalLabFeeSched\/Clinical-Laboratory-Fee-Schedule-Files.html . Accessed March 23, 2018."},{"key":"bibr13-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11046"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Kates J, Dawson L. Insurance Coverage Changes for People With HIV Under the ACA. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2017. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/health-reform\/issue-brief\/insurance-coverage-changes-for-people-with-hiv-under-the-aca . Accessed July 26, 2018."},{"key":"bibr15-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Warfield M, DiPietro B, Artiga S. How Has the ACA Medicaid Expansion Affected Providers Serving the Homeless Population: Analysis of Coverage, Revenues, and Costs. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2016. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicaid\/issue-brief\/how-has-the-aca-medicaid-expansion-affected-providers-serving-the-homeless-population-analysis-of-coverage-revenues-and-costs . Accessed July 26, 2018."},{"key":"bibr16-0033354919862688","unstructured":"Lynn Community Health Center Latent TB Infection Project. http:\/\/www.lchcnet.org\/latent-tb-infection-project. Accessed September 27, 2018."},{"key":"bibr17-0033354919862688","unstructured":"County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency. Military service members, veterans and their families: tuberculosis screening. 2019. http:\/\/sandiego.networkofcare.org\/veterans\/services\/subcategory.aspx?tax=LF-4900.8600 . Accessed September 27, 2018."},{"key":"bibr18-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw778"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354919862688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000144"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354919862688","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0033354919862688","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354919862688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:35:28Z","timestamp":1777628128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0033354919862688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0033354919862688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354919862688","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]}}}