{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:04:40Z","timestamp":1790197480728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of adults in the United States being held on probation\u2014persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility\u2014approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919879732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T13:51:05Z","timestamp":1570801865000},"page":"660-666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Wildeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1634-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa W.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354919879732","volume-title":"Correctional Populations in the United States","author":"Kaeble D","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lapo.12002"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474516649174"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354919879732","volume-title":"Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016","author":"Kaeble D","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-0033354919879732","first-page":"291","volume":"104","author":"Doherty F","year":"2016","journal-title":"Georgetown Law J"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq422"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx018"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr11-0033354919879732","volume":"3","author":"Borschmann R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr12-0033354919879732","volume":"3","author":"Kinner S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxy003"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx014"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx015"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr17-0033354919879732","volume":"3","author":"Borschmann R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e603802007-001"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500205"},{"key":"bibr21-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031811-124614"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354919879732","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Data collection: annual probation survey and annual parole survey. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=27. Accessed July 12, 2019."},{"key":"bibr23-0033354919879732","volume-title":"Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000-2012\u2014Statistical Tables","author":"Noonan ME","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr24-0033354919879732","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2001-2012. https:\/\/nsduhweb.rti.org\/respweb\/homepage.cfm. Accessed July 12, 2019."},{"key":"bibr25-0033354919879732","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov. Accessed July 12, 2019."},{"key":"bibr26-0033354919879732","volume-title":"Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes","author":"Preston SH","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354919879732","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of United States: 1999, mortality. 1999. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/statab\/techap99.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2019."},{"issue":"82","key":"bibr28-0033354919879732","first-page":"1","author":"Breslow NE","year":"1987","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"key":"bibr29-0033354919879732","first-page":"45","volume":"3","author":"Lurigio AJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crim Just"},{"key":"bibr30-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900201"},{"key":"bibr31-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48247-2_14"},{"key":"bibr32-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00482.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0123"},{"key":"bibr34-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-2016-y"},{"key":"bibr35-0033354919879732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111528"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354919879732","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0033354919879732","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354919879732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:35:40Z","timestamp":1777628140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0033354919879732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0033354919879732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354919879732","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]}}}