{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:43:37Z","timestamp":1777898617634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Federal funds have been spent to reduce the disproportionate effects of HIV\/AIDS on racial\/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We investigated the association between federal domestic HIV funding and age-adjusted HIV death rates by race\/ethnicity in the United States during 1999-2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed HIV funding data from the Kaiser Family Foundation by federal fiscal year (FFY) and US age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) by race\/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Asian\/Pacific Islander and American Indian\/Alaska Native [API+AI\/AN]) from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER detailed mortality files. We fit joinpoint regression models to estimate the annual percentage change (APC), average APC, and changes in AADRs per billion US dollars in HIV funding, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For 19 data points, the number of joinpoints ranged from 0 to 4 on the basis of rules set by the program or by the user. A Monte Carlo permutation test indicated significant ( P &lt; .05) changes at joinpoints, and 2-sided t tests indicated significant APCs in AADRs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Domestic HIV funding increased from $10.7 billion in FFY 1999 to $26.3 billion in FFY 2017, but AADRs decreased at different rates for each racial\/ethnic group. The average rate of change in AADR per US billion dollars was \u22129.4% (95% CI, \u221210.9% to \u22127.8%) for Hispanic residents, \u22127.8% (95% CI, \u22129.0% to \u22126.6%) for non-Hispanic black residents, \u22126.7% (95% CI, \u22129.3% to \u22124.0%) for non-Hispanic white residents, and \u22125.2% (95% CI, \u22127.8% to \u22122.5%) for non-Hispanic API+AI\/AN residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased domestic HIV funding was associated with faster decreases in age-adjusted HIV death rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black residents than for residents in other racial\/ethnic groups. Increasing US HIV funding could be associated with decreasing future racial\/ethnic disparities in the rate of HIV-related deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920912716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1596192645000},"page":"149S-157S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differential Association of HIV Funding With HIV Mortality by Race\/Ethnicity, United States, 1999-2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict I.","family":"Truman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramal","family":"Moonesinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Minority Health and Health Equity, Office of the Deputy Director for Public Health Service and Implementation Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man-Huei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Mermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hazel D.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30187-3"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.02.002"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.081489"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X04270613"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000849"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.09.012"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.004"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.08.033"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000222"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354920912716","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources & Services Administration. A living history: Ryan White & global HIV\/AIDS programs\u2014Capitol Hill moves to pass landmark legislation. https:\/\/hab.hrsa.gov\/livinghistory\/legislation\/index.htm. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr11-0033354920912716","unstructured":"Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. U.S. federal funding for HIV\/AIDS: trends over time. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/global-health-policy\/fact-sheet\/u-s-federal-funding-for-hivaids-trends-over-time. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr12-0033354920912716","unstructured":"Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Policy basics\u2014introduction to the federal budget process. https:\/\/www.cbpp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/3-7-03bud.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr13-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1003-4"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1343"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354920912716","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Rep"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354920912716","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198111428646"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354920912716","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Minority HIV\/AIDS fund: overview. https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/federal-response\/smaif\/overview. Updated September 25, 2019. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr18-0033354920912716","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. CDC WONDER: detailed mortality file. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/ucd-icd10.html. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr19-0033354920912716","unstructured":"US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Databases, tables & calculators by subject: CPI inflation calculator. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/data\/inflation_calculator.htm. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"key":"bibr20-0033354920912716","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Joinpoint trend analysis software, version 4.7.0.0. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint. Accessed January 27, 2020."},{"issue":"47","key":"bibr21-0033354920912716","first-page":"1113","volume":"63","author":"Bradley H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"40","key":"bibr22-0033354920912716","first-page":"886","volume":"63","author":"Gant Z.","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-0033354920912716","first-page":"S146","volume":"189","author":"Hutchins SS.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354920912716","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0033354920912716","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354920912716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1777628158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0033354920912716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0033354920912716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354920912716","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}}}