{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T21:10:13Z","timestamp":1786569013212,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV disproportionately affects Hispanic\/Latino people in the United States, and factors other than individual attributes may be contributing to these differences. We examined differences in the distribution of HIV diagnosis and social determinants of health (SDH) among US-born and non\u2013US-born Hispanic\/Latino adults in the United States and Puerto Rico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) to determine US census tract\u2013level HIV diagnosis rates and percentages among US-born and non\u2013US-born Hispanic\/Latino adults aged \u226518 for 2017. We merged data from the US Census Bureau\u2019s American Community Survey with NHSS data to examine regional differences in federal poverty level, education, median household income, employment, and health insurance coverage among 8648 US-born (n = 3328) and non\u2013US-born (n = 5320) Hispanic\/Latino adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comparison of US-born and non\u2013US-born men by region showed similar distributions of HIV diagnoses. The largest percentages occurred in census tracts where \u226519% of residents lived below the federal poverty level, \u226518% did not finish high school, the median household income was &lt;$40 000 per year, \u22656% were unemployed, and \u226516% did not have health insurance. A comparison of US-born and non\u2013US-born women by region showed similar distributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of higher numbers of HIV diagnoses among non\u2013US-born Hispanic\/Latino adults than among US-born Hispanic\/Latino adults, regional similarities in patterns of SDH and HIV percentages and rates, and Hispanic\/Latino adults faring poorly in each SDH category are important for understanding SDH barriers that may be affecting Hispanic\/Latino adults with HIV in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920970539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T05:56:49Z","timestamp":1613195809000},"page":"685-698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geographic Differences in Social Determinants of Health Among US-Born and Non\u2013US-Born Hispanic\/Latino Adults With Diagnosed HIV Infection, United States and Puerto Rico, 2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zanetta","family":"Gant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shacara","family":"Johnson Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Dailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ndidi","family":"Nwangwu-Ike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Satcher Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354920970539","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n                      HIV Surveillance by Race\/Ethnicity\n                      (\n                      Through 2017\n                      ). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; November 2018."},{"key":"bibr2-0033354920970539","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-0033354920970539","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354920970539","unstructured":"Flores A. How the U.S. Hispanic population is changing. September 18, 2017. Accessed April 14, 2019. http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/09\/18\/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing\/"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354920970539","unstructured":"Noe-Bustamente L., Lopez MH., Krogstad JM. U.S. Hispanic population surpassed 60 million in 2019, but growth has slowed. July 7, 2020. Accessed August 26, 2020. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/07\/07\/u-s-hispanic-population-surpassed-60-million-in-2019-but-growth-has-slowed"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354920970539","unstructured":"Noe-Bustamante L., Flores A. Facts on Latinos in the U.S. September 16, 2019. Accessed August 26, 2020. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/hispanic\/fact-sheet\/latinos-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J191v03n01_02"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-011-9497-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr9-0033354920970539","first-page":"73","volume":"17","author":"Kelley CF.","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0042"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-9523(02)00218-0"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12551"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S70173"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122421"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr15-0033354920970539","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4797.2010.01051.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354920970539","first-page":"10","volume-title":"National Research Council (US) Panel on Hispanics in the United States","author":"Escarce JJ.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1257-5"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354920970539","unstructured":"National Latinx AIDS Awareness Day. HIV\/AIDS among Hispanics\/Latinos in the United States. 2018. Accessed April 14, 2019. https:\/\/www.co.lincoln.or.us\/sites\/default\/files\/fileattachments\/health_amp_human_services\/page\/5411\/infographics-nlaad-2017-latinos-hiv-english.pdf"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354920970539","volume-title":"Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: Final Reports of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"issue":"40","key":"bibr21-0033354920970539","first-page":"805","volume":"61","author":"An Q.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354920970539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1540415316629672"},{"key":"bibr23-0033354920970539","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV case surveillance. 2019. 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