{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:55:56Z","timestamp":1778622956732,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States. Although 2% to 3% of the global population is estimated to be infected with HCV, an estimated 18% of the US prison population may be infected. The objective of this study was to establish an epidemiologic profile of HCV infection in the largest urban jail system in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 20 years of data on demographic characteristics, risk factors, and HCV positivity among 80 681 individuals incarcerated at the Los Angeles County Jail who were tested for HCV infection from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2019. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of HCV positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 80 681 individuals tested, 27 881 (34.6%) had positive test results for HCV infection. In the multivariate analysis, HCV positivity was most strongly associated with injection drug use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 34.9; 95% CI, 24.6-49.5) and being born during 1946-1955 (aOR = 13.0; 95% CI, 11.9-14.2). Men were more likely than women to have HCV infection (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5), and Hispanic (aOR = 4.2; 95% CI, 3.9-4.4) and non-Hispanic White (aOR = 3.8; 95% CI, 3.5-4.0) individuals were more likely than non-Hispanic African American individuals to have HCV infection. Noninjection drug use, homelessness, and mental health issues were also significantly associated with HCV positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even in the absence of resources for universal screening for HCV infection, the creation of a risk profile and its implementation into a screening program may be a beneficial first step toward improving HCV surveillance and establishing an accurate estimate of HCV infection in the incarcerated population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920988610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T22:22:11Z","timestamp":1613686931000},"page":"726-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Establishing an Epidemiologic Profile of Hepatitis C Virus Infection at the Los Angeles County Jail"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazia","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NgocDung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033354920988610","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. National Viral Hepatitis Action Plan 2017-2020. February 2017. Accessed February 27, 2017. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/hepatitis\/action-plan\/u-s-viral-hepatitis-action-plan-overview\/index.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr2-0033354920988610","first-page":"1","volume":"61","author":"Smith BD.","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2012.09.009"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2015.07.003"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003258669"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30297"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1133"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S406"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354920988610","unstructured":"Martinez ME., Zammitti EP., Cohen RA. National Center for Health Statistics. Health insurance coverage: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January\u2013September 2016. February 2017. Accessed February 17, 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhis\/earlyrelease\/insur201702.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354920988610","unstructured":"Rabuy B., Kopf D. Prisons of poverty: uncovering the pre-incarceration incomes of the imprisoned [press release]. Prison Policy Initiative; July 9, 2015. Accessed February 6, 2017. http:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/income.html"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.M17000006"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00672"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.374"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354920988610","volume-title":"Hepatitis C in Correctional Settings: Challenges and Opportunities","author":"Maurer K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302071"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301996"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354920988610","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System: A Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 44","author":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007558"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300004"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345818782707"},{"key":"bibr21-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354916679367"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.10.008"},{"key":"bibr23-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591699"},{"key":"bibr24-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-38"},{"key":"bibr25-0033354920988610","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance\u2014United States, 2015. Updated June 19, 2017. Accessed June 26, 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/statistics\/2015surveillance\/pdfs\/2015HepSurveillanceRpt.pdf"},{"key":"bibr26-0033354920988610","unstructured":"The Sentencing Project. Fact sheet: trends in US corrections. Updated December 2015. Accessed August 12, 2016. http:\/\/sentencingproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Trends-in-US-Corrections.pdf"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301812"},{"key":"bibr28-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700409"},{"key":"bibr29-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302234"},{"key":"bibr30-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148865"},{"key":"bibr31-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3133-6"},{"key":"bibr32-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.014"},{"key":"bibr33-0033354920988610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0b013e31827a5908"},{"key":"bibr34-0033354920988610","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health, STD Control Branch, Office of Viral Hepatitis Prevention. Los Angeles County\u2014chronic hepatitis C: cases and rates of newly reported cases, 2011-2015. 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