{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:44:08Z","timestamp":1777898648383,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People who inject drugs are among the groups most vulnerable to HIV infection. The objective of this study was to describe differences in the geographic distribution of HIV diagnoses and social determinants of health (SDH) among people who inject drugs (PWID) who received an HIV diagnosis in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) to determine the counts and percentages of PWID aged \u226518 with HIV diagnosed in 2017. We combined these data with data from the US Census Bureau\u2019s American Community Survey at the census tract level to examine regional, racial\/ethnic, and population-area-of-residence differences in poverty status, education level, income level, employment status, and health insurance coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed patterns of disparity in HIV diagnosis counts and SDH among the 2666 PWID with a residential address linked to a census tract, such that counts of HIV diagnosis increased as SDH outcomes became worse. The greatest proportion of PWID lived in census tracts where \u226519% of the residents lived below the federal poverty level, \u226518% of the residents had &lt;high school diploma, the median annual household income was &lt;$40 000, and \u226516% of the residents did not have health insurance or a health coverage plan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, our study is the first large-scale, census tract\u2013level study to describe SDH among PWID with diagnosed HIV in the United States. The findings of substantial disparities in SDH among people with HIV infection attributed to injection drug use should be further examined. Understanding the SDH among PWID is crucial to reducing disparities in HIV diagnoses in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211007168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T23:59:49Z","timestamp":1619049589000},"page":"525-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Geographic Differences and Social Determinants of Health Among People With HIV Attributed to Injection Drug Use, United States, 2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ndidi","family":"Nwangwu-Ike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zanetta","family":"Gant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shacara","family":"Johnson Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Satcher Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS.\n                      Miles to Go: Closing Gaps, Breaking Barriers, Righting Injustices\n                      . UNAIDS; 2018. Accessed December 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/miles-to-go_en.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613506909"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.015"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0390-3"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549211007168","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Rep"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Commission on Social Determinants of Health.\n                      Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health\n                      . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Accessed December 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/social_determinants\/final_report\/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr7-00333549211007168","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108078"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Newman K. A sign of the times: an increase in new HIV diagnoses in northeast Massachusetts is a likely effect\u2014and indicator\u2014of the nationwide opioid epidemic.\n                      US News & World Report\n                      . Updated April 18, 2018. Accessed March 5, 2020. https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/healthiest-communities\/articles\/2018-04-18\/hiv-uptick-in-massachusetts-worrying-but-not-surprising"},{"key":"bibr10-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Blau EF., Sami S., Deputy NP et al. Increases in newly identified HIV infection among persons who inject drugs\u2014Northern Kentucky and Hamilton County, Ohio, 2017-2018. Abstract presented at the 2019 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference; June 5, 2019; Raleigh, NC."},{"key":"bibr11-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490812300512"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV case surveillance. 2019. Accessed August 26, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/statistics\/surveillance\/systems\/index.html#HIV%20Case%20Surveillance"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549211007168","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Updated December 7, 2018. Accessed February 5, 2019. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/news\/data-releases\/2017\/release.html"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549211007168","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin DB","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr15-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Ratcliffe M., Burd C., Holder K., Fields A.\n                      Defining Rural at the U.S. Census Bureau\n                      . US Census Bureau; 2016. Accessed December 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/acs\/acsgeo-1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.166"},{"key":"bibr17-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6547e1"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001098"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.02.012"},{"key":"bibr20-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304187"},{"key":"bibr21-00333549211007168","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n                      2018 Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes\u2014United States\n                      . Published 2018. Accessed November 20, 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/pdf\/pubs\/2018-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr22-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S206"},{"key":"bibr23-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205466"},{"key":"bibr24-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.04.004"},{"key":"bibr25-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400140"},{"key":"bibr26-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2039-z"},{"key":"bibr27-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150410"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr28-00333549211007168","first-page":"S135","volume":"117","author":"Galea S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"bibr29-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302861"},{"key":"bibr30-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716632503"},{"key":"bibr31-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2138-8_10"},{"key":"bibr32-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.06.003"},{"key":"bibr33-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-102895"},{"key":"bibr34-00333549211007168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1343"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549211007168","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549211007168","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549211007168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:37:00Z","timestamp":1777628220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549211007168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549211007168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549211007168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}