{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:39:46Z","timestamp":1789421986175,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25GM083252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25GM083252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher mortality among full-term infants (term infant deaths) contributes to disparities in infant mortality between the United States and other developed countries. We examined differences in the causes of term infant deaths across county poverty levels and urban\u2013rural classification to understand underlying mechanisms through which these factors may act.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We linked period birth\/infant death files for 2012-2015 with US Census poverty estimates and county urban\u2013rural classifications. We grouped the causes of term infant deaths as sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), congenital malformations, perinatal conditions, and all other causes. We computed the distribution and relative risk of overall and cause-specific term infant mortality rates (term IMRs) per 1000 live births and 95% CIs for county-level factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase in term IMR across county poverty and urban\u2013rural classification was mostly driven by an increase in the rate of SUDI. The relative risk of term infant deaths as a result of SUDI was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.5-1.8) times higher in medium-poverty counties and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.2-2.5) times higher in high-poverty counties than in low-poverty counties. Cause-specific IMRs of congenital malformations, perinatal conditions, and death from other causes did not differ by county poverty level. We found similar trends across county urban\u2013rural classification. Sudden infant death syndrome was the main cause of SUDI across both county poverty levels and urban\u2013rural classifications, followed by unknown causes and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interventions aimed at reducing SUDI, particularly in high-poverty and rural areas, could have a major effect on reducing term IMR disparities between the United States and other developed countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354921999169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T19:28:03Z","timestamp":1616009283000},"page":"584-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["County Poverty, Urban\u2013Rural Classification, and the Causes of Term Infant Death"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7491-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousra A.","family":"Mohamoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3489-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell S.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2441-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah B.","family":"Ehrenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bibr1-0033354921999169","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"MacDorman MF.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bibr2-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002531"},{"key":"bibr3-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140224"},{"key":"bibr4-0033354921999169","first-page":"1","volume":"300","author":"Ely DM.","year":"2018","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"bibr5-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012"},{"key":"bibr6-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2190-1"},{"key":"bibr7-0033354921999169","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program. Accessed November 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/saipe.html"},{"key":"bibr8-0033354921999169","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Urban\u2013rural classification scheme for counties. 2013. Accessed November 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data_access\/urban_rural.htm"},{"key":"bibr9-0033354921999169","unstructured":"Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. The public use natality file\u20142015 update. Accessed November 11, 2020. ftp:\/\/ftp.cdc.gov\/pub\/Health_Statistics\/NCHS\/Dataset_Documentation\/DVS\/natality\/UserGuide2015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0033354921999169","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Medical examiners\u2019 and coroners\u2019 handbook on death registration and fetal death reporting. Accessed November 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/misc\/hb_me.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-0033354921999169","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.\n                      International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification\n                      (ICD-10-CM) guidelines. Accessed December 29, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/icd\/icd10cm.htm"},{"key":"bibr12-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20851\/sids-13"},{"key":"bibr13-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.e18"},{"key":"bibr14-0033354921999169","unstructured":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. County Health Rankings & Roadmaps: children in poverty. Accessed February 21, 2017. https:\/\/www.countyhealthrankings.org\/explore-health-rankings\/measures-data-sources\/county-health-rankings-model\/health-factors\/social-and-economic-factors\/income\/children-in-poverty"},{"key":"bibr15-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1571"},{"key":"bibr16-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.011551"},{"key":"bibr17-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00861.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2009.00241.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20851\/sids-02"},{"key":"bibr20-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309302"},{"key":"bibr21-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.947002"},{"key":"bibr22-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.1004"},{"key":"bibr23-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13794.x"},{"key":"bibr24-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15323-8"},{"key":"bibr25-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1552"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr26-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01539.x","volume":"99","author":"M\u00f6llborg P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"bibr27-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0135"},{"key":"bibr28-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.21.2717"},{"key":"bibr29-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.e347"},{"key":"bibr30-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182179e28"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr31-0033354921999169","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"Matthews TJ.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bibr32-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"bibr33-0033354921999169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122410374086"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr34-0033354921999169","first-page":"241","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354921999169","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0033354921999169","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0033354921999169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:37:50Z","timestamp":1777628270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0033354921999169"}},"subtitle":["United States, 2012-2015"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0033354921999169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354921999169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}}}