{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:44:46Z","timestamp":1777898686041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 testing is a critical component of preventing the spread of COVID-19. In the United States, people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have accessed testing at health clinics, such as those provided through Health Care for the Homeless (HCH) clinics or through community-based testing events at homeless service sites or encampments. We describe data on SARS-CoV-2 testing among PEH in US clinic- and community-based settings from March through November 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a descriptive analysis of data from HCH clinics and community testing events. We used a standardized survey to request data from HCH clinics. We developed and made publicly available an online data entry portal to collect data from community-based organizations that provided testing for PEH. We assessed positivity rates across clinics and community service sites serving PEH and used generalized linear mixed models to account for clustering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven HCH clinics reported providing 280 410 tests; 3.2% (n = 8880) had positive results (range, 1.6%-4.9%). By race, positivity rates were highest among people who identified as &gt;1 race (11.6%; P &lt; .001). During the reporting period, 22 states reported 287 community testing events and 14 116 tests; 7.1% (n = 1004) had positive results. Among facility types, day shelters (380 of 2697; 14.1%) and inpatient drug\/alcohol rehabilitation facilities (32 of 251; 12.7%) reported the highest positivity rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While HCH clinic data provided results for a larger number of patients, community-based testing data showed higher positivity rates. Clinic data demonstrated racial disparities in positivity. Community-based testing data provided information about SARS-CoV-2 transmission settings. Although these data provide information about testing, standard surveillance systems are needed to better understand the incidence of disease among PEH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221086514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T05:27:53Z","timestamp":1649482073000},"page":"764-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinic- and Community-Based SARS-CoV-2 Testing Among People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States, March\u2013November 2020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauryn","family":"Berner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1406-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaina","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Mosites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine Diaz","family":"Vickery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549221086514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1340"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549221086514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200834"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549221086514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0070"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549221086514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549221086514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1848-9"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549221086514","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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