{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:03:23Z","timestamp":1787018603592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited information exists about violent deaths among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) across the United States. Using data from a national reporting system, we describe characteristics of suicides, homicides, and other deaths classified as violent among PEH in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained data on demographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, and circumstances surrounding violent deaths from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018, in 31 states from the National Violent Death Reporting System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 122 113 violent deaths in 31 states during 2016-2018, 1757 (1.4%) occurred among PEH and 3952 (3.2%) occurred among people for whom homelessness status was unknown or missing. Of all violent deaths among PEH, 878 were suicides (1.1% of all suicides), 458 were homicides (1.6% of all homicides), 352 were of undetermined intent (2.8% of all deaths of undetermined intent), and 59 were the result of legal interventions (3.8% of all deaths due to legal interventions). Hanging\/suffocation\/strangulation was the most common mechanism of suicide among PEH (44.4%), followed by deaths due to firearms (21.6%). Firearms were the most common mechanism of homicide deaths among PEH (48.0%). Black PEH were more likely to die by homicide than by suicide, and White PEH were more likely to die by suicide than by homicide. Among the 843 suicide victims for whom additional information was known, 345 (40.9%) had a history of suicidal thoughts or plans, 245 (29.1%) had disclosed intent to die by suicide, and 183 (21.7%) were receiving treatment for a mental health condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efforts to reduce mortality and improve health outcomes among PEH should consider the high rates of violent deaths in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221087228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:32:04Z","timestamp":1650875524000},"page":"309-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Suicide, Homicide, and Other Violent Deaths Among People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5455-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kleinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel P.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549221087228","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development. PIT and HIC data since 2007. January 2020. Accessed May 5, 2021. https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resource\/3031\/pit-and-hic-data-since-2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-00333549221087228","first-page":"229","volume":"164","author":"Hwang SW.","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1606\/1044-3894.2016.97.21"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/685034"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549221087228","unstructured":"Vincent D. City alarmed by rising violence in homeless shelters, including assaults on staff. Toronto Star. January 23, 2021. Accessed October 12, 2021. https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/gta\/2021\/01\/23\/city-alarmed-by-rising-violence-in-homeless-shelters-including-assaults-on-staff.html"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-8-199704150-00007"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06769-7"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408043310506"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.4.529"},{"key":"bibr10-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.08.005"},{"key":"bibr11-00333549221087228","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions. September 2020. Accessed October 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549221087228","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Accessed October 10, 2021. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data-collection\/ncvs"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549221087228","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). Accessed April 28, 2021. https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov:8443\/nvdrs\/nvdrsDisplay.jsp"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6908a1"},{"key":"bibr15-00333549221087228","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) Coding Manual Revised. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021. Accessed October 23, 2021. www.cdc.gov\/injury"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549221087228","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using WISQARS NVDRS. July 28, 2021. Accessed January 12, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/nvdrs\/report-type.html"},{"key":"bibr17-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jth143"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.170"},{"key":"bibr20-00333549221087228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0483-7"},{"key":"bibr21-00333549221087228","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2019: Trend Table: 005. 2021. 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