{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:45:04Z","timestamp":1777898704731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>More than 500 single-room occupancy hotels (SROs), a type of low-cost congregate housing with shared bathrooms and kitchens, are available in San Francisco. SRO residents include essential workers, people with disabilities, and multigenerational immigrant families. In March 2020, with increasing concerns about the potential for rapid transmission of COVID-19 among a population with disproportionate rates of comorbidity, poor access to care, and inability to self-isolate, the San Francisco Department of Public Health formed an SRO outbreak response team to identify and contain COVID-19 clusters in this congregate residential setting. Using address-matching geocoding, the team conducted active surveillance to identify new cases and outbreaks of COVID-19 at SROs. An outbreak was defined as 3 separate households in the SRO with a positive test result for COVID-19. From March 2020 through February 2021, the SRO outbreak response team conducted on-site mass testing of all residents at 52 SROs with outbreaks identified through geocoding. The rate of positive COVID-19 tests was significantly higher at SROs with outbreaks than at SROs without outbreaks (12.7% vs 6.4%; P &lt; .001). From March through May 2020, the rate of COVID-19 cases among SRO residents was higher than among residents of other settings (ie, non\u2013SRO residents), before decreasing and remaining at an equal level to non\u2013SRO residents during later periods of 2020. The annual case fatality rate for SRO residents and non\u2013SRO residents was similar (1.8% vs 1.5%). This approach identified outbreaks in a setting at high risk of COVID-19 and facilitated rapid deployment of resources. The geocoding surveillance approach could be used for other diseases and in any setting for which a list of addresses is available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221128301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T08:47:13Z","timestamp":1665737233000},"page":"7-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using Geocoding to Identify COVID-19 Outbreaks in Congregate Residential Settings: San Francisco\u2019s Outbreak Response in Single-Room Occupancy Hotels"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodi","family":"Stookey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Community Health Equity and Promotion Branch, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devan","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trudy","family":"Singzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Dann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Burk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Community Health Equity and Promotion Branch, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol C.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID Command Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bibr1-00333549221128301","volume":"19","author":"Chen JT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305913"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26443"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab701"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11366"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549221128301","volume-title":"Single Room Occupancy Hotels in San Francisco: A Health Impact Assessment","author":"Shui MW","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549221128301","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with underlying medical conditions. Updated October 2021. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-with-medical-conditions.html"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.03.037"},{"key":"bibr10-00333549221128301","unstructured":"City and County of San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Emergency ordinance: protections for occupants of residential hotels during COVID-19 pandemic. September 11, 2020. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/sfgov.legistar.com\/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=4594651&GUID=2A889DDB-700A-470D-AA50-A6C3FAEB6AB3"},{"key":"bibr11-00333549221128301","unstructured":"San Francisco Administrative Code. Residential Hotel Unit Conversion and Demolition Ordinance. August 19, 2019. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/sfdbi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Chapter%2041.pdf"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549221128301","unstructured":"DataSF, San Francisco Government. COVID-19 cases over time. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/data.sfgov.org\/COVID-19\/COVID-19-Cases-Over-Time\/gyr2-k29z"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549221128301","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Contact tracing for COVID-19. Updated February 10, 2021. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/php\/contact-tracing\/contact-tracing-plan\/contact-tracing.html"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549221128301","unstructured":"San Francisco Office of Economic and Workforce Development. For employees impacted by COVID-19. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/oewd.org\/employees-impacted-covid-19#:~:text=Call%20415%2D554%2D6271%20or,email%20psl%40sfgov.org"},{"key":"bibr15-00333549221128301","unstructured":"City and County of San Francisco. Order of the Health Officer C19-04. Order enhancing sanitation. March 10, 2020. Accessed April 20, 2022. https:\/\/sfbos.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20200310_DPH_Order_of_the_Health_Officer_C19-04.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549221128301","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2009-2020). 2020. Accessed December 20, 2021. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/developers\/data-sets\/acs-5year.2019.html"},{"key":"bibr17-00333549221128301","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health. Rates based on small numbers\u2014statistics teaching tools. Revised April 1999. Accessed December 20, 2021. https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/diseases\/chronic\/ratesmall.htm"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1234"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.4042"},{"key":"bibr20-00333549221128301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239400"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549221128301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549221128301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549221128301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:38:33Z","timestamp":1777628313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549221128301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549221128301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549221128301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}