{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:45:13Z","timestamp":1777898713293,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU17CE924967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU17CE924967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25MH083620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH083620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant T32DA013911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant T32DA013911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To help understand whether decreased emergency medical services (EMS) utilization due to the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to increased accidental fatal drug overdoses, we characterized recent EMS utilization history among people who had an accidental opioid-involved fatal drug overdose in Rhode Island.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified accidental opioid-involved fatal drug overdoses among Rhode Island residents that occurred from January 1, 2018, through December 31, 2020. We linked decedents by name and date of birth to the Rhode Island EMS Information System to obtain EMS utilization history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 763 people who had an accidental opioid-involved fatal overdose, 51% had any EMS run and 16% had any opioid overdose\u2013related EMS run in the 2 years before death. Non-Hispanic White decedents were significantly more likely than decedents of other races and ethnicities to have any EMS run ( P &lt; .001) and any opioid overdose\u2013related EMS run ( P = .05) in the 2 years before death. Despite a 31% increase in fatal overdoses from 2019 through 2020, corresponding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, EMS utilization in the prior 2 years, prior 180 days, or prior 90 days did not vary by time frame of death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Rhode Island, decreased EMS utilization because of the COVID-19 pandemic was not a driving force behind the increase in overdose fatalities observed in 2020. However, with half of people who had an accidental opioid-involved fatal drug overdose having an EMS run in the 2 years before death, emergency care is a potential opportunity to link people to health care and social services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549231154582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T05:47:13Z","timestamp":1678340833000},"page":"48-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prior Emergency Medical Services Utilization Among People Who Had an Accidental Opioid-Involved Fatal Drug Overdose\u2014Rhode Island, 2018-2020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailai","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Basta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel P.","family":"Scagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Roberts-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6943-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Hallowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Vital Statistics Systems: vital statistics rapid release. Provisional drug overdose death counts. Accessed October 29, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Rhode Island Department of Health: Drug Overdose Surveillance Data Hub. Overdose fatalities. Accessed February 1, 2022. https:\/\/ridoh-drug-overdose-surveillance-fatalities-rihealth.hub.arcgis.com"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3485"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6700"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14051"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker. Trends in number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC, by state\/territory. Accessed February 1, 2022. https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcases-updates%2Fcases-in-us.html#trends_dailycases"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overdose deaths accelerating during COVID-19. December 17, 2020. Accessed January 15, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2020\/p1218-overdose-deaths-covid-19.html"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/RR3117"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0661-4"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr10-00333549231154582","first-page":"62","volume":"103","author":"Hallowell BD","year":"2020","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"key":"bibr11-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211018989"},{"key":"bibr12-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Rhode Island Department of Health. Rhode Island small numbers reporting policy. Accessed January 15, 2022. https:\/\/health.ri.gov\/publications\/policies\/SmallNumbersReporting.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4"},{"key":"bibr14-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12705"},{"key":"bibr15-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.20532.x"},{"key":"bibr16-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0113-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-00333549231154582","first-page":"147","volume":"49","author":"Bertakis KD","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"bibr18-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001250"},{"key":"bibr19-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002099"},{"key":"bibr20-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.010"},{"key":"bibr21-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00975.x"},{"key":"bibr22-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227674"},{"key":"bibr23-00333549231154582","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000270"},{"key":"bibr24-00333549231154582","unstructured":"State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Letter from Governor Gina M. Raimondo. Response to House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce\u2019s request for information regarding how Rhode Island is addressing the opioid crisis and its use of federal funding to promote treatment and recovery efforts. October 18, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2022. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/116\/meeting\/house\/110367\/documents\/HHRG-116-IF02-20200114-SD023.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Rhode Island Hope Initiative. Accessed January 15, 2022. https:\/\/rihopeinitiative.com"},{"key":"bibr26-00333549231154582","unstructured":"Rhode Island Department of Health. Department of Behavioral Healthcare and Hospitals Developmental Disabilities. Levels of care for Rhode Island emergency departments and hospitals for treating overdose and opioid use disorder. March 2017. Accessed January 15, 2022. https:\/\/health.ri.gov\/publications\/guides\/LevelsOfCareForTreatingOverdoseAndOpioidUseDisorder.pdf"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549231154582","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549231154582","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549231154582","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:38:49Z","timestamp":1777628329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549231154582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549231154582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549231154582","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}