{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:45:29Z","timestamp":1777898729594,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["75D30121C10149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C10149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Public health agencies have a critical role in providing effective messaging about mitigation strategies during a public health emergency. The objectives of this study were (1) to understand perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines, including concerns about side effects, safety, and effectiveness and how these perceptions influence vaccine decision-making among US adults and (2) to learn what messages might motivate vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In April and May 2021, we conducted 14 online focus groups with non-Hispanic English-speaking and English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic adults (N\u2009=\u200999) not vaccinated against COVID-19. We oversampled adults aged 18-39 years and rural residents and systematically assessed 10 test messages. Researchers used a standardized guide and an a priori codebook for focus group discussions, coding transcripts, and thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccine hesitancy factors included fear of the unknown; long-term side effects, including infertility; and beliefs that the vaccines were developed too quickly and were not sufficiently effective. Motivating factors for receiving vaccination included the ability to safely socialize and travel. Health care providers were considered important trusted messengers. Participants were critical of most messages tested. Messages that came across as \u201chonest\u201d about what is not yet known about COVID-19 vaccines were perceived more positively than other messages tested. Messages were seen as ineffective if perceived as vague or lacking in data and specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Messages that were simple and transparent about what is unknown about vaccines relative to emerging science were viewed most favorably. Health care providers, friends, and family were considered influential in vaccination decision-making. Findings underscore the benefits of research-informed strategies for developing and disseminating effective messages addressing critical issues in a public health emergency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549231204419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T05:55:37Z","timestamp":1699077337000},"page":"102-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among US Adults: Safety and Effectiveness Perceptions and Messaging to Increase Vaccine Confidence and Intent to Vaccinate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemarie","family":"Kobau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Mansergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torey","family":"Repetski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karna, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pechta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Communications Science and Services, Office of Communication, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00333549231204419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.043"},{"key":"bibr2-00333549231204419","unstructured":"Marks P. Joint CDC and FDA statement on Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. News release. April 13, 2021. Accessed April 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/joint-cdc-and-fda-statement-johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine"},{"key":"bibr3-00333549231204419","unstructured":"Hamel L, Lopes L, Sparks G, Stokes M, Brodie M. KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor: April 2021. Kaiser Family Foundation. Published May 6, 2021. Accessed May 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/poll-finding\/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021"},{"key":"bibr4-00333549231204419","unstructured":"de Beaumont Foundation. Poll: the language of vaccine acceptance. Published December 28, 2020. Accessed April 15, 2021. https:\/\/debeaumont.org\/changing-the-covid-conversation\/vaccineacceptance"},{"key":"bibr5-00333549231204419","unstructured":"Son C. Five data-driven steps for more effective, more persuasive COVID-19 vaccine messaging. Civis Analytics. Published February 10, 2021. Accessed April 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.civisanalytics.com\/blog\/data-science\/five-data-driven-steps-for-more-effective-more-persuasive-covid-19-vaccine-messaging"},{"key":"bibr6-00333549231204419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25594"},{"key":"bibr7-00333549231204419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000771"},{"key":"bibr8-00333549231204419","unstructured":"Chou W-YS, Burgdorf CE, Gaysynsky A, Hunter CM. COVID-19 Vaccination Communication: Applying Behavioral and Social Science to Address Vaccine Hesitancy and Foster Vaccine Confidence. National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research; 2020. Accessed April 15, 2021. https:\/\/obssr.od.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/COVIDReport_Final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-00333549231204419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyx070"},{"key":"bibr10-00333549231204419","unstructured":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 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