{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:46:01Z","timestamp":1777898761384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rubella prevalence in the United States is low, and many positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) test results are likely false positive. We evaluated case classification and follow-up time spent on rubella-positive IgM test results from routine surveillance by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified and abstracted data from rubella reports submitted to CDPH during January 1, 2018\u2013December 31, 2022. CDPH uses a modified version of the 2013 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) rubella case definition to determine cases. The percentage of confirmed cases was the proportion of cases determined via CDPH\u2019s modification over reports adhering to the CSTE rubella case definition, calculated by test type and reason. We surveyed local public health staff to estimate person-time spent on report follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 801 suspected rubella reports. After investigation, CDPH confirmed 4 as cases and 797 as not cases; 467 (58.3%) were erroneously tested on the basis of test reason (immunity screening or ordered in error). Overall, 745 (93.0%) reports had IgM test results, 33 (4.1%) had an unknown test type, and 23 (2.9%) had a polymerase chain reaction test. Most erroneous reports (93.4%, 436\/467) included only an IgM-positive test result. Mean time spent to investigate a suspected rubella report was 3.2 hours (range, &lt;1-14.5 h).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most erroneous rubella reports submitted to CDPH during 2018-2022 included a positive IgM test result, highlighting limitations of using IgM test results to classify rubella cases. The CSTE rubella case definition should be revised to ensure consistent interpretation and classification of confirmed rubella cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251320018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T08:20:03Z","timestamp":1751962803000},"page":"447-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Rubella Surveillance System, California, 2018-2022"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Stockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rubella symptoms and complications. Rubella: German measles three-day measles. May 10 2024. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rubella\/signs-symptoms"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610025225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Lanzieri T Redd S Abernathy E Icenogle J. Congenital rubella syndrome. In: Roush SW Baldy LM Mulroy J eds. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023:chap 15. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/surv-manual\/chpt15-crs.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Update to rubella case definition. 2012. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.cste.org\/resource\/resmgr\/PS\/12-ID-09FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. Title 17 revisions section 2500 of the California Code of Regulations. 2022. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/OPA\/Pages\/CAHAN\/Title17-Revisions-Section2500-CA-Code-Regulations.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. Title 17 revisions section 2505 of the California Code of Regulations. September 2019. Accessed December 13 2023. https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/Title17_2505_Changes_ELRGuidance.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-016-0090-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00102-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. Rubella quicksheet. 2023. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/Immunization\/Rubella-Quicksheet.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group","volume":"50","author":"German RR","year":"2001","unstructured":"German RR, Horan JM, Lee LM, Milstein RL, Pertowski CA, Waller MN. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR 13):1-35.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Visit California. California travel-related spend and visitation forecast. 2023. Accessed October 9 2023. https:\/\/industry.visitcalifornia.com\/research\/travel-forecast"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. California reportable disease information exchange. 2023. Accessed January 14 2025. https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/Pages\/CalREDIE.aspx"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251320018","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549251320018","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251320018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:40:15Z","timestamp":1777628415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549251320018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549251320018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549251320018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]}}}