{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:20:03Z","timestamp":1787318403239,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell trait (SCT) is the carrier status for sickle cell disease, and people with SCT have both hemoglobin A (HbA) and sickling hemoglobin (HbS). SCT is generally regarded as a benign condition, but clinical complications can be substantial. No registry or surveillance system exists to track health outcomes for people with SCT; this study aimed to identify methodology for surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal analysis included all live births with SCT identified by the California Department of Public Health Newborn Screening (NBS) Program from 1991 through 2013 and 3 matched controls per newborn, linked to death data in California for 1991-2013.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 94 240 live births with SCT and 282 720 matched healthy controls; 693 (0.74%) deaths occurred in the SCT group, and 1910 (0.68%) deaths occurred among the matched controls. Those with SCT had an increased mortality hazard ratio (MHR) compared with matched controls (11% higher;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.02). When stratified, the MHR was higher among those aged 1 to 4 years (44% higher;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and 5 to 14 years (48% higher;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.005) than among the matched controls. Examination of causes of death showed only a slightly higher-than-expected risk of death due to respiratory causes among people with SCT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the need for population-level research, including investigation into causes of death, to inform clinical management and counseling for SCT. Other states may replicate this methodology with population-based data sources. Further surveillance of the health of those with SCT is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251361764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T12:11:37Z","timestamp":1757592697000},"page":"477-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cohort Tracking of Sickle Cell Trait\u2013Positive Births Identified by Newborn Screening, California, 1991-2013: Public Health Surveillance for Sickle Cell Trait"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan T.","family":"Paulukonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tracking California Program, Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tracking California Program, Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomia","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"As One Foundation, Katy, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott P.","family":"Vichinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Sickle Cell Anemia Center, UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08273-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ashorobi D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashorobi D, Ramsey A, Killeen RB, Bhatt R. 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