{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:46:11Z","timestamp":1777898771106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"VA Homeless Programs Office\/National Center on Homelessness among Veterans","award":["MOU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOU"]}]},{"name":"VA Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention","award":["MOU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mobile medical units (MMUs) provide health care services in the community to reach populations with geographic, financial, and other barriers to care. The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team (HPACT) program deployed MMUs to 25 sites in fiscal year 2024 to increase access for veterans experiencing homelessness. We examined early implementation of MMUs in HPACT sites by describing implementation and operational issues, services provided, and characteristics of veterans who used MMUs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the implementation of MMUs on veterans experiencing homelessness, we conducted a mixed-methods study using an online survey and health care administrative data. Measures included MMU implementation time, staffing type, services, safety measures, maintenance costs, and characteristics of veterans using and not using MMUs. We examined differences between veterans who used MMUs and those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen of 25 sites responded to the survey; MMU implementation occurred during a mean of 147 hours in 5 months. Most sites (15 of 17) visited housing sites and homeless shelters in community- and VA-supported programs to provide health screenings, education, and medication administration and prescribing. Operating costs varied widely for vehicle maintenance and gas and medical and telehealth equipment. Veterans who used MMUs (vs did not use MMUs) had more medical comorbidities (Elixhauser score of 3.4 vs 2.8), were more likely to have substance use disorder (49.9% vs 39.1%), and had higher baseline levels of health care use, especially emergency department visits (0.4 vs 0.3 visits per quarter).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence on the effects of MMUs on patient engagement with primary and mental health care and acute care use is needed to inform decisions to implement MMUs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251365173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T12:43:51Z","timestamp":1757249031000},"page":"568-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Implementation of Mobile Medical Units for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness: A Mixed-Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jillian J.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VHA Homeless Programs Office, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Blonigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VHA Homeless Programs Office, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.5.783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(99)00414-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2021.0289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02004-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1079-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120004184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2013.0080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.036856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209054"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"343","article-title":"Effectiveness of a mobile outreach and crisis services unit in reducing psychiatric symptoms in a population of homeless persons with severe mental illness","volume":"94","author":"Morris DW","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morris DW, Warnock JK. Effectiveness of a mobile outreach and crisis services unit in reducing psychiatric symptoms in a population of homeless persons with severe mental illness. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2001;94(8):343-346.","journal-title":"J Okla State Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08731-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3193-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07970-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"VA Public Affairs. VA launches mobile medical units to increase access to health care for homeless veterans. August 3 2023. Accessed December 20 2024. https:\/\/news.va.gov\/press-room\/va-launches-mobile-medical-units-to-increase-access-to-health-care-for-homeless-veterans"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01932-3"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251365173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549251365173","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251365173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:40:32Z","timestamp":1777628432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549251365173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549251365173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549251365173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]}}}