{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1777898772966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cooperative Agreement Number 1NU38OT000297-03-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement Number 1NU38OT000297-03-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the data quality, acceptability, sensitivity, simplicity, and representativeness of the surveillance system for suspected human rabies exposure in Washington State to understand current surveillance practices and areas for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the state\u2019s surveillance system for suspected rabies exposures. Specifically, we compared the number of suspected rabies exposures in the Washington Disease Reporting System (WDRS) with (1) the number of possible rabies exposures captured by syndromic surveillance (Rapid Health Information NetwOrk [RHINO]) and (2) the number of rabies postexposure prophylaxis administrations in the Washington Immunization Information System (WA IIS) from January 2018 through May 2023. We interviewed local health jurisdiction (LHJ) representatives about investigation and reporting of suspected rabies exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From January 2018 through May 2023, there were 1766 reports of suspected rabies exposure in WDRS, 5054 events in RHINO, and 2378 events in WA IIS; we found substantial differences among LHJs in the ratio of WDRS reports to events in RHINO and WA IIS. Interview data confirmed variability in reporting practices and data management. LHJ partners identified common barriers and weaknesses of the surveillance system, including staff turnover, system complexity, and a lack of resources for data modernization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suspected rabies exposures may not be consistently captured by the existing surveillance system. Variation among data entry procedures and storage systems across LHJs could be attributed to resource availability, population size, and capacity for data modernization. These data will be used to develop recommendations for improvements in rabies exposure surveillance in Washington State.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251376265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:57:59Z","timestamp":1760525879000},"page":"63-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Surveillance for Suspected Human Exposure to Rabies, Washington State, 2018-2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keely","family":"Paris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arran","family":"Hamlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Oltean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global rabies: what you should know. July 1 2025. Accessed July 22 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/around-world\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/location\/world\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rabies in the United States: protecting public health. June 1 2024. Accessed March 17 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/php\/protecting-public-health\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/location\/usa\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global rabies work. 2018. Accessed March 20 2024. https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/ncezid\/stories-features\/global-stories\/rabies-work.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health. Rabies resources. 2024. Accessed March 20 2024. https:\/\/doh.wa.gov\/public-health-provider-resources\/notifiable-conditions\/rabies-resources"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.10.1117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Surveillance case definitions for current and historical conditions. 2024. Accessed March 22 2024. https:\/\/ndc.services.cdc.gov"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"WAC 246-101-101. Notifiable conditions. 2023. Accessed May 20 2024. https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/wac\/default.aspx?cite=246-101-101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health. Rabies suspected exposure. 2024. Accessed March 22 2024. https:\/\/doh.wa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/legacy\/Documents\/5100\/420-073-Guideline-RabiesSuspectedExposure.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3182602f90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4156-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th ed). 2016. Accessed October 18 2023. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2016\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP recommendations: rabies vaccine. July 29 2024. Accessed March 3 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/acip-recs\/hcp\/vaccine-specific\/rabies.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354917708355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Maine monitors reporting for rabies. April 11 2024. Accessed December 4 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nssp\/php\/story\/maine-monitors-reporting-for-rabies.html"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251376265","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549251376265","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251376265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:40:36Z","timestamp":1777628436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549251376265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549251376265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549251376265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}