{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:49:45Z","timestamp":1787068185760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While noncongregate shelters are an increasingly common intervention for homelessness, their effect on residents\u2019 psychological well-being is not well understood. This study evaluated the effect of a low-barrier, noncongregate shelter on the well-being of individuals experiencing homelessness in a small Northern California city in 2023. Focusing on 5 key areas of well-being\u2014sleep quality, sense of community, sense of control, generalized anxiety, and psychological safety\u2014this study surveyed 106 (of 170) shelter residents 9 months after the opening of the shelter. A retrospective pretest\u2013posttest design and generalized linear models permitted an analysis of changes in well-being after previously unsheltered individuals moved into the noncongregate shelter, as well as within-subjects\u2019 differences by sex, age, and duration at the shelter. All indicators of well-being with the exception of sense of control showed significant improvement after the shelter move-in. Specifically, on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores meaning a more positive outcome, mean sleep quality improved from 2.6 to 4.0 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), sense of community from 3.1 to 3.4 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01), and psychological safety from 3.1 to 3.5 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001); on a 4-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety, anxiety decreased from 2.7 to 2.1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Additionally, interactive analyses indicated that changes in well-being differed depending on an individual\u2019s sex, age, and duration at the shelter. While this study demonstrates improvements in well-being relative to individuals living unsheltered, future research should use comparative designs to assess long-term housing stability outcomes for individuals in temporary shelters compared with those who remain unsheltered or in secure permanent supportive housing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251379018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:32:59Z","timestamp":1761827579000},"page":"499-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Noncongregate Emergency Shelters on Occupant Well-Being, Chico, California, 2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0775-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lincoln","family":"Bohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Behavioral &amp; Social Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wilking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Behavioral &amp; Social Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Roll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Behavioral &amp; Social Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_2_2.1","unstructured":"De Sousa T Henry M. The 2024 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: Part 1: Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness. US Department of Housing and Urban Development"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_2_2.2","unstructured":"2024. Accessed January 31 2025. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2024-AHAR-Part-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Martin v City of Boise 902 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2018). Accessed November 27 2022. https:\/\/cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov\/datastore\/opinions\/2019\/04\/01\/15-35845.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Exploring Homelessness Among People Living in Encampments and Associated Costs: City Approaches to Encampments and What They Cost","author":"Dunton L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunton L, Khadduri J, Burnett K, Fiore N, Yetvin W. Exploring Homelessness Among People Living in Encampments and Associated Costs: City Approaches to Encampments and What They Cost. 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